Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) M. Montemurro, Ed.
Request for Comments: 7254 A. Allen
Category: Informational Blackberry
ISSN: 2070-1721 D. McDonald
Eircom
P. Gosden
GSM Association
May 2014
A Uniform Resource Name Namespace
for the Global System for Mobile Communications Association (GSMA)
and the International Mobile station Equipment Identity (IMEI)
Abstract
This specification defines a Uniform Resource Name (URN) namespace
for the Global System for Mobile Communications Association (GSMA)
and a Namespace Specific String (NSS) for the International Mobile
station Equipment Identity (IMEI), as well as an associated parameter
for the International Mobile station Equipment Identity and Software
Version number (IMEISV). The IMEI and IMEISV were introduced as part
of the specification for the GSM and are also now incorporated by the
3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) as part of the 3GPP
specification for GSM, Universal Mobile Telecommunications System
(UMTS), and 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) networks. The IMEI and
IMEISV are used to uniquely identify Mobile Equipment within these
systems and are managed by the GSMA. URNs from this namespace almost
always contain personally identifiable information and need to be
treated accordingly.
Status of This Memo
This document is not an Internet Standards Track specification; it is
published for informational purposes.
This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force
(IETF). It represents the consensus of the IETF community. It has
received public review and has been approved for publication by the
Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG). Not all documents
approved by the IESG are a candidate for any level of Internet
Standard; see Section 2 of RFC 5741.
Information about the current status of this document, any errata,
and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at
http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7254.
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Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 2014 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
document authors. All rights reserved.
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
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This document may contain material from IETF Documents or IETF
Contributions published or made publicly available before November
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Without obtaining an adequate license from the person(s) controlling
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outside the IETF Standards Process, and derivative works of it may
not be created outside the IETF Standards Process, except to format
it for publication as an RFC or to translate it into languages other
than English.
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Table of Contents
1. Introduction ....................................................3
2. Terminology .....................................................4
3. Namespace Registration Template .................................4
4. Specification ...................................................8
4.1. IMEI Parameters ............................................8
4.2. IMEI Format ................................................9
4.2.1. Type Allocation Code (TAC) ..........................9
4.2.2. Serial Number (SNR) .................................9
4.2.3. Spare ..............................................10
4.2.4. Binary Encoding ....................................10
4.3. IMEISV Format .............................................10
4.3.1. Type Allocation Code (TAC) .........................10
4.3.2. Serial Number (SNR) ................................11
4.3.3. Software Version Number (SVN) ......................11
4.3.4. Binary Encoding ....................................11
5. Community Considerations .......................................11
6. Namespace Considerations .......................................12
7. IANA Considerations ............................................12
8. Security and Privacy Considerations ............................12
9. Acknowledgements ...............................................14
10. References ....................................................14
10.1. Normative References .....................................14
10.2. Informative References ...................................15
1. Introduction
This specification defines a Uniform Resource Name (URN) namespace
for the Global System for Mobile Communications Association (GSMA)
and a Namespace Specific String (NSS) for the International Mobile
station Equipment Identity (IMEI), as well as an associated parameter
for the International Mobile station Equipment Identity and Software
Version number (IMEISV) as per the namespace registration requirement
found in RFC 3406 [1]. The Namespace Identifier (NID) 'gsma' is for
identities used in GSM, Universal Mobile Telecommunications System
(UMTS), and Long Term Evolution (LTE) networks. The IMEI and the
IMEISV are managed by the GSMA, so this NID is managed by the GSMA.
While this specification currently defines only the 'imei' NSS under
the 'gsma' NID, additional NSS under the 'gsma' NID may be specified
in the future by the GSMA, using the procedure for URN NSS changes
and additions (currently through the publication of future
Informational RFCs approved by IETF consensus).
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The IMEI is 15 decimal digits long and includes a Type Allocation
Code (TAC) of 8 decimal digits and a Serial Number (SNR) of 6 decimal
digits plus a Spare decimal digit. The TAC identifies the type of
the Mobile Equipment and is chosen from a range of values allocated
to the Mobile Equipment manufacturer in order to uniquely identify
the model of the Mobile Equipment. The SNR is an individual serial
number that uniquely identifies each Mobile Equipment device within
the TAC. The Spare digit is used as a Check digit to validate the
IMEI and is always set to the value 0 when transmitted by the Mobile
Equipment.
The IMEISV is 16 decimal digits long and includes the TAC and SNR,
same as for the IMEI, but also includes a 2 decimal digit Software
Version Number (SVN), which is allocated by the Mobile Equipment
manufacturer to identify the software version of the Mobile
Equipment.
The information here is meant to be a concise guide for those wishing
to use the IMEI and IMEISV as URNs. Nothing in this document should
be construed to override 3GPP Technical Specification (TS) 23.003
[2], which specifies the IMEI and IMEISV.
The GSMA is a global trade association representing nearly 800 mobile
phone operators across 220 territories and countries of the world.
The primary goals of the GSMA are to ensure that mobile phones and
wireless services work globally and are easily accessible. Further
details about the GSMA's role in allocating the IMEI and the IMEISV,
as well as the IMEI and IMEISV allocation guidelines, can be found in
GSMA Permanent Reference Document (PRD) TS.06 [3].
2. Terminology
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 [4].
3. Namespace Registration Template
Namespace ID: 'gsma'
Registration Information:
Registration version number: 1
Registration date: 2014-01-12
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Declared registrant of the namespace:
Registering organization:
Name: GSM Association
Address: 1st Floor, Mid City Place,
71 High Holborn, London, England
Designated contact person:
Name: Paul Gosden
Coordinates: pgosden@gsma.com
Declaration of syntactic structure:
The identifier is expressed in American Standard Code for
Information Interchange (ASCII) characters and has a hierarchical
structure expressed using the Augmented Backus-Naur Form (ABNF)
defined in RFC 5234 [5], as follows:
gsma-urn = "urn:" gsma-NID ":" gsma-NSS
gsma-NID = "gsma"
gsma-NSS = imei-specifier / future-gsma-specifier
imei-specifier = "imei:" ( imeival / ext-imei )
[ ";" sw-version-param ]
[ ";" imei-version-param ]
ext-imei = gsma-defined-nonempty ;GSMA defined and
;IETF consensus
;required
sw-version-param = "svn=" software-version
imei-version-param = "vers=" imei-version-val
software-version = 2DIGIT
imei-version-val = DIGIT
future-gsma-specifier = future-specifier
*( ";" future-param )
future-specifier = gsma-defined-nonempty ;GSMA defined
future-param = par-name [ EQUAL par-value ]
par-name = gsma-defined-nonempty
par-value = gsma-defined-nonempty
EQUAL = "="
gsma-defined-nonempty = 1*gsma-urn-char
gsma-urn-char = ALPHA / DIGIT
/ "-" / "." / "_" / "%" / ":"
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An NSS for the IMEI is defined under the 'gsma' NID.
An IMEI is an identifier under the 'gsma' NID that uniquely
identifies the mobile devices used in the GSM, UMTS, and LTE
networks.
The representation of the IMEI is defined in 3GPP TS 23.003 [2].
To accurately represent an IMEI received in a cellular signaling
message (see 3GPP TS 24.008 [6]) as a URN, it is necessary to
convert the received binary (Binary Coded Decimal (BCD)) encoded
bit sequence to a decimal digit string representation. Each field
has its representation for humans as a decimal digit string with
the most significant digit first.
The following ABNF includes the set of core rules in RFC 5234 [5];
the core rules are not repeated here.
A URN with the 'imei' NSS contains one 'imeival', and its formal
definition is provided by the following ABNF (RFC 5234) [5]:
imeival = tac "-" snr "-" spare
tac = 8DIGIT
snr = 6DIGIT
spare = DIGIT
<future-gsma-specifier> and <gsma-defined-nonempty> can comprise
any ASCII characters compliant with the above ABNF.
The GSMA will take responsibility for the 'gsma' namespace,
including the 'imei' NSS.
Additional NSS may be added for future identifiers needed by the
GSMA, at their discretion. Only URNs with the 'imei' NSS are
considered to be "GSMA IMEI URNs", and use in IETF protocols of
other NSS that might be defined in the future will require IETF
consensus.
Relevant ancillary documentation:
See IMEI Allocation and Approval Guidelines (GSMA PRD TS.06) [3]
and 3GPP TS 23.003 [2].
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Identifier uniqueness considerations:
Identifiers under the 'gsma' NID are defined and assigned by the
GSMA after ensuring that the URNs to be assigned are unique.
Uniqueness is achieved by checking against the IANA registry of
previously assigned names.
Procedures are in place to ensure that each IMEI is uniquely
assigned by the Mobile Equipment manufacturer so that it is
guaranteed to uniquely identify that particular Mobile Equipment
device.
Procedures are in place to ensure that each IMEISV is uniquely
assigned by the Mobile Equipment manufacturer so that it is
guaranteed to uniquely identify that particular Mobile Equipment
device and the specific software version installed.
Identifier persistence considerations:
The GSMA is committed to maintaining uniqueness and persistence of
all resources identified by assigned URNs.
As the NID sought is 'gsma' and "GSMA" is the long-standing
acronym for the trade association that represents the mobile phone
operators, the URN should also persist indefinitely (at least as
long as there is a need for its use). The assignment process
guarantees that names are not reassigned. The binding between the
name and its resource is permanent.
The TAC and SNR portions of the IMEI and IMEISV are permanently
stored in the Mobile Equipment, so they remain persistent as long
as the Mobile Equipment exists. The process for TAC and SNR
assignment is documented in GSMA PRD TS.06 [3], and once assigned,
the TAC and SNR values are not reassigned to other Mobile
Equipment devices. The SVN portion of the IMEISV may be modified
by software when new versions are installed but should be
persistent for the duration of the installation of that specific
version of software.
Process of identifier assignment:
The GSMA will manage the <NSS> (including 'imei') and
<future-gsma-specifier> identifier resources to maintain
uniqueness.
The process for IMEI and IMEISV assignment is documented in GSMA
PRD TS.06 [3].
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Process for identifier resolution:
Since the 'gsma' NSS is not currently globally resolvable, this is
not applicable.
Rules for Lexical Equivalence:
Two GSMA IMEI URNs are equivalent if they have the same 'imeival'
value, and the same parameter values in the same sequential order,
with the exception that the 'vers=0' parameter is to be ignored
for the purposes of comparison. All of these comparisons are to
be case insensitive.
Any identifier in the 'gsma' NSS can be compared using the normal
mechanisms for percent-encoded UTF-8 strings (see RFC 3629 [7]).
Conformance with URN Syntax:
The string representation of the 'gsma' NID and of the 'imei' NSS
is fully compatible with the URN syntax (see RFC 2141 [8]).
Validation mechanism:
The IMEI can be validated using the mechanism defined in Annex B
of 3GPP TS 23.003 [2]. There is no mechanism defined to validate
the SVN field of the IMEISV.
Scope: The GSMA URN is global in scope.
4. Specification
4.1. IMEI Parameters
The optional 'vers' parameter and the 'ext-imei' field in the ABNF
are included for extensibility of the 'imei' NSS -- for example, if
the IMEI format is extended in the future (such as with additional
digits or using hex digits). In this case, the 'vers' parameter
would contain a non-zero value and the 'ext-imei' would be further
defined to represent the syntax of the extended IMEI format. A value
of the 'vers' parameter equal to 0 or the absence of the 'vers'
parameter means the URN format is compliant with the format specified
here.
Any change to the format of the 'imei' NSS requires the use of the
procedure for URN NSS changes and additions (currently through the
publication of future Informational RFCs approved by IETF consensus).
The use of the 'vers' parameter was chosen for extensibility instead
of defining a new NSS (e.g., 'imei2') because it is likely that many
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applications will only need to perform string compares of the
'imeival'. So, even if the format or length of the 'imeival' changes
in the future, such applications should continue to work without
having to be updated to understand a new NSS.
RFC 7255 [10] specifies how the GSMA IMEI URN can be used as an
instance ID as specified in RFC 5626 [11]. Any future value of the
'vers' parameter other than 0, or the definition of additional
parameters that are intended to be used as part of an instance ID,
will require an update to RFC 7255 [10].
For example:
urn:gsma:imei:90420156-025763-0;vers=0
The IMEISV is an identifier that uniquely identifies mobile devices
and their associated software versions used in the GSM, UMTS, and LTE
networks. The representation of the IMEISV is defined in 3GPP TS
23.003 [2].
To represent the IMEISV, the URN parameter 'svn' is appended to the
GSMA IMEI URN and set equal to the decimal string representation of
the two software version number (svn) digits in the IMEISV, and the
Spare digit in the IMEI 'imeival' is set to zero.
For example:
urn:gsma:imei:90420156-025763-0;svn=42
4.2. IMEI Format
4.2.1. Type Allocation Code (TAC)
The TAC is an 8 decimal digit value. The TAC identifies the type of
the Mobile Equipment and is chosen from a range of values allocated
to the Mobile Equipment manufacturer in order to uniquely identify
the model of the Mobile Equipment.
4.2.2. Serial Number (SNR)
The SNR is a 6 decimal digit value. The SNR is an individual serial
number that uniquely identifies each Mobile Equipment device within
the TAC.
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4.2.3. Spare
The Spare is a single decimal digit. When the IMEI is stored on the
Mobile Equipment and network equipment, it contains a value that is
used as a Check digit and is intended to avoid manual reporting
errors (e.g., when customers register stolen mobiles at the
operator's customer care desk) and also to help guard against the
possibility of incorrect entries being provisioned in the network
equipment. The Spare is always set to zero when transmitted by the
Mobile Equipment (including when in the IMEI URN format). Annex B of
3GPP TS 23.003 [2] specifies a mechanism for computing the actual
Check digit in order to validate the TAC and SNR.
4.2.4. Binary Encoding
When included in a cellular signaling message, the IMEI format is 15
decimal digits encoded in 8 octets, using BCD as defined in 3GPP TS
24.008 [6]. Figure 1 is an abstract representation of a BCD-encoded
IMEI stored in memory (the actual storage format in memory is
implementation specific). In Figure 1, the most significant digit of
the TAC is coded in the least significant bits of octet 1. The most
significant digit of the SNR is coded in the least significant bits
of octet 5. The Spare digit is coded in the least significant bits
of octet 8. When included in an identity element in a cellular
signaling message, the most significant digit of the TAC is
included in digit 1 of the identity element in Figure 10.5.4 of
3GPP TS 24.008 [6].
14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Decimal Digits
+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
| | | S|
| T | S | p|
| A | N | a|
| C | R | r|
| | | e|
+--+-----+-----+-----+--+--+-----+-----+--+--+
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Octets
Figure 1: IMEI Format
4.3. IMEISV Format
4.3.1. Type Allocation Code (TAC)
The TAC is the same as the TAC in the IMEI (see Section 4.2.1).
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4.3.2. Serial Number (SNR)
The SNR is the same as the SNR in the IMEI (see Section 4.2.2).
4.3.3. Software Version Number (SVN)
The Software Version Number is allocated by the mobile device
manufacturer to identify the software version of the mobile device.
4.3.4. Binary Encoding
When included in a cellular signaling message, the IMEISV format is
16 decimal digits encoded in 8 octets using BCD as defined in 3GPP TS
24.008 [6]. Figure 2 is an abstract representation of a BCD-encoded
IMEISV stored in memory (the actual storage format in memory is
implementation specific). In Figure 2, the most significant digit of
the TAC is coded in the most significant bits of octet 1. The most
significant digit of the SNR is coded in the most significant bits of
octet 5. The most significant digit of the SVN is coded in the most
significant bits of octet 8. When included in an identity element in
a cellular signaling message, the most significant digit of the TAC
is included in digit 1 of the identity element in Figure 10.5.4 of
3GPP TS 24.008 [6].
15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Decimal Digits
+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
| | | |
| T | S | S |
| A | N | V |
| C | R | N |
| | | |
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Octets
Figure 2: IMEISV Format
5. Community Considerations
GSM, UMTS, and LTE mobile devices will be interoperating with
Internet devices for a variety of voice and data services. To do
this, they need to make use of Internet protocols that will operate
end to end between devices in GSM/UMTS/LTE networks and those in the
general Internet. Some of these protocols require the use of URNs as
identifiers. Within the GSM/UMTS/LTE networks, mobile devices are
identified by their IMEI or IMEISV. Internet users will need to be
able to receive and include the GSMA URN in various Internet protocol
elements to facilitate communication between pure Internet-based
devices and GSM/UMTS/LTE mobile devices. Thus, the existence and
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syntax of these namespaces need to be available to the general
Internet community, and the namespace needs to be reserved with IANA
in order to guarantee uniqueness and prevent potential namespace
conflicts both within the Internet and within GSM/UMTS/LTE networks.
Conversely, Internet implementations will not generally possess IMEI
identifiers. The identifiers generated by such implementations will
typically be URNs within namespaces other than 'gsma' and may,
depending on context, even be non-URN URIs. Implementations are
advised to be ready to process URIs other than 'gsma' namespaced
URNs, so as to aid in interoperability.
6. Namespace Considerations
A URN was considered the most appropriate URI to represent the IMEI
and IMEISV, as these identifiers may be used and transported
similarly to the Universally Unique Identifier (UUID), which is
defined as a URN in RFC 4122 [12]. Since specifications for
protocols that are used to transport device identifiers often require
the device identifier to be globally unique and in the URN format, it
is necessary that the URN formats are defined to represent the IMEI
and IMEISV.
7. IANA Considerations
In accordance with BCP 66 (RFC 3406) [1], IANA has registered the
Formal URN Namespace 'gsma' in the "Uniform Resource Names (URN)
Namespaces" registry, using the registration template presented in
Section 3 of this document.
8. Security and Privacy Considerations
IMEIs (but with the Spare value set to the value of the Check digit)
are displayable on most mobile devices and in many cases are printed
on the case within the battery compartment. Anyone with brief
physical access to the mobile device can therefore easily obtain the
IMEI. Therefore, IMEIs MUST NOT be used as security capabilities
(identifiers whose mere possession grants access). Unfortunately,
there are currently examples of some applications that are using the
IMEI for authorization. Also, some service provider's customer
service departments have been known to use knowledge of the IMEI as
"proof" that the caller is the legitimate owner of the mobile device.
Both of these are inappropriate uses of the IMEI.
While the specific software version of the mobile device only
identifies the lower-layer software that has undergone and passed
certification testing, and not the operating system or application
software, the software version could identify software that is
vulnerable to attacks or is known to contain security holes.
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Therefore, the IMEISV MUST only be delivered to trusted entities
within carrier networks and not provided to the Internet at large, as
it could help a malicious device identify that the mobile device is
running software that is known to be vulnerable to certain attacks.
This concern is similar to concerns regarding the use of the
User-Agent header in the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) as
specified in RFC 3261 [13]. Therefore, the IMEISV (that is, the IMEI
URN with a 'svn' parameter) MUST NOT be delivered to devices that are
not trusted. IMEIs are almost always personally identifiable
information, and so these URNs MUST be treated as personally
identifiable information in all cases. In order to prevent violating
a user's privacy, the IMEI URN MUST NOT be included in messages
intended to convey any level of anonymity.
Since the IMEI is permanently assigned to the mobile device and is
not modified when the ownership of the mobile device changes (even
upon a complete software reload of the device), the IMEI URN MUST NOT
be used as a user identifier or user address by an application.
Using the IMEI to identify a user or as a user address could result
in communications destined for a previous owner of a device being
received by the new device owner or could allow the new device owner
to access information or services owned by the previous device owner.
Additionally, since the IMEI identifies the mobile device, it
potentially could be used to identify and track users for the
purposes of surveillance and call data mining if sent in the clear.
Since the IMEI is personally identifiable information, uses of the
IMEI URN with IETF protocols require a specification and IETF Expert
Review [14] in order to ensure that privacy concerns are
appropriately addressed. Protocols carrying the IMEI URN SHOULD at a
minimum use channels that are strongly hop-by-hop encrypted, and it
is RECOMMENDED that end-to-end encryption be used.
Additional security considerations are specified in 3GPP TS 22.016
[9]. Specifically, the IMEI is to be incorporated in a module that
is contained within the terminal. The IMEI SHALL NOT be changed
after the terminal's production process. It SHALL resist tampering,
i.e., manipulation and change, by any means (e.g., physical,
electrical, and software).
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9. Acknowledgements
This document draws heavily on the 3GPP work on Numbering,
Addressing, and Identification in 3GPP TS 23.003 [2] and also on the
style and structure used in RFC 4122 [12]. The authors would like to
thank Cullen Jennings, Lisa Dusseault, Dale Worley, Ivo Sedlacek,
Atle Monrad, James Yu, Mary Barnes, Tim Bray, S. Moonesamy, Alexey
Melnikov, Martin Duerst, John Klensin, Paul Kyzivat, Christer
Holmberg, Barry Leiba, and Stephen Farrell for their help and
comments.
10. References
10.1. Normative References
[1] Daigle, L., van Gulik, D., Iannella, R., and P. Faltstrom,
"Uniform Resource Names (URN) Namespace Definition Mechanisms",
BCP 66, RFC 3406, October 2002.
[2] 3GPP, "Numbering, addressing and identification", 3GPP TS 23.003
(Release 8), March 2014, <ftp://ftp.3gpp.org/Specs/
archive/23_series/23.003/>.
[3] GSM Association, "IMEI Allocation and Approval Guidelines", PRD
TS.06 (DG06) Version 6.0, July 2011,
<http://www.gsma.com/newsroom/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/
ts0660tacallocationprocessapproved.pdf>.
[4] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement
Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
[5] Crocker, D. and P. Overell, "Augmented BNF for Syntax
Specifications: ABNF", STD 68, RFC 5234, January 2008.
[6] 3GPP, "Mobile radio interface Layer 3 specification; Core
network protocols; Stage 3", 3GPP TS 24.008 (Release 8), June
2013, <ftp://ftp.3gpp.org/Specs/archive/24_series/ 24.008/>.
[7] Yergeau, F., "UTF-8, a transformation format of ISO 10646", STD
63, RFC 3629, November 2003.
[8] Moats, R., "URN Syntax", RFC 2141, May 1997.
[9] 3GPP, "International Mobile station Equipment Identities
(IMEI)", 3GPP TS 22.016 (Release 8), December 2009,
<ftp://ftp.3gpp.org/Specs/archive/22_series/22.016/>.
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10.2. Informative References
[10] Allen, A., Ed., "Using the International Mobile station
Equipment Identity (IMEI) Uniform Resource Name (URN) as an
Instance ID", RFC 7255, May 2014.
[11] Jennings, C., Mahy, R., and F. Audet, "Managing Client-
Initiated Connections in the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)",
RFC 5626, October 2009.
[12] Leach, P., Mealling, M., and R. Salz, "A Universally Unique
IDentifier (UUID) URN Namespace", RFC 4122, July 2005.
[13] Rosenberg, J., Schulzrinne, H., Camarillo, G., Johnston, A.,
Peterson, J., Sparks, R., Handley, M., and E. Schooler, "SIP:
Session Initiation Protocol", RFC 3261, June 2002.
[14] Narten, T. and H. Alvestrand, "Guidelines for Writing an IANA
Considerations Section in RFCs", BCP 26, RFC 5226, May 2008.
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Authors' Addresses
Michael Montemurro (editor)
Blackberry
4701 Tahoe Dr.
Mississauga, Ontario L4W 0B4
Canada
EMail: mmontemurro@blackberry.com
Andrew Allen
Blackberry
1200 Sawgrass Corporate Parkway
Sunrise, Florida 33323
USA
EMail: aallen@blackberry.com
David McDonald
Eircom
EMail: David.McDonald@meteor.ie
Paul Gosden
GSM Association
1st Floor, Mid City Place, 71 High Holborn
London
England
EMail: pgosden@gsma.com
Montemurro, et al. Informational [Page 16]