| Internet-Draft | flexfilesv2 | July 2024 |
| Haynes | Expires 9 January 2025 | [Page] |
Parallel NFS (pNFS) allows a separation between the metadata (onto a metadata server) and data (onto a storage device) for a file. The flexible file layout type is defined in this document as an extension to pNFS that allows the use of storage devices that require only a limited degree of interaction with the metadata server and use already-existing protocols. Data protection is also added to provide integrity. Both Client-side mirroring and the Mojette algorithm are used for data protection.¶
This note is to be removed before publishing as an RFC.¶
Discussion of this draft takes place on the NFSv4 working group mailing list (nfsv4@ietf.org), which is archived at https://mailarchive.ietf.org/arch/browse/nfsv4/. Working Group information can be found at https://datatracker.ietf.org/wg/nfsv4/about/.¶
This draft is currently a work in progress. It needs to be determined if we want to copy v1 text to v2 or if we want just a diff of the new content. For right now, we are copying the v1 text and adding the new v1 text. Also, expect sections to move as we push the emphasis from flex files to protection types.¶
As a WIP, the XDR extraction may not yet work.¶
This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.¶
Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet-Drafts is at https://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.¶
Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."¶
This Internet-Draft will expire on 9 January 2025.¶
Copyright (c) 2024 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved.¶
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (https://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document. Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must include Revised BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as described in the Revised BSD License.¶
In Parallel NFS (pNFS), the metadata server returns layout type structures that describe where file data is located. There are different layout types for different storage systems and methods of arranging data on storage devices. This document defines the flexible file layout type used with file-based data servers that are accessed using the NFS protocols: NFSv3 [RFC1813], NFSv4.0 [RFC7530], NFSv4.1 [RFC8881], and NFSv4.2 [RFC7862].¶
To provide a global state model equivalent to that of the files layout type, a back-end control protocol might be implemented between the metadata server and NFSv4.1+ storage devices. An implementation can either define its own proprietary mechanism or it could define a control protocol in a Standards Track document. The requirements for a control protocol are specified in [RFC8881] and clarified in [RFC8434].¶
The control protocol described in this document is based on NFS. It does not provide for knowledge of stateids to be passed between the metadata server and the storage devices. Instead, the storage devices are configured such that the metadata server has full access rights to the data file system and then the metadata server uses synthetic ids to control client access to individual data files.¶
In traditional mirroring of data, the server is responsible for replicating, validating, and repairing copies of the data file. With client-side mirroring, the metadata server provides a layout that presents the available mirrors to the client. The client then picks a mirror to read from and ensures that all writes go to all mirrors. The client only considers the write transaction to have succeeded if all mirrors are successfully updated. In case of error, the client can use the LAYOUTERROR operation to inform the metadata server, which is then responsible for the repairing of the mirrored copies of the file.¶
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP 14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all capitals, as shown here.¶
A server implementation may choose either a loosely coupled model or a tightly coupled model between the metadata server and the storage devices. [RFC8434] describes the general problems facing pNFS implementations. This document details how the new flexible file layout type addresses these issues. To implement the tightly coupled model, a control protocol has to be defined. As the flexible file layout imposes no special requirements on the client, the control protocol will need to provide:¶
When implementing the loosely coupled model, the only control protocol will be a version of NFS, with no ability to provide a global stateid model or to prevent clients from using layouts inappropriately. To enable client use in that environment, this document will specify how security, state, and locking are to be managed.¶
Regardless of the coupling model, the metadata server has the responsibility, upon receiving a LAYOUTCOMMIT (see Section 18.42 of [RFC8881]) to ensure that the semantics of pNFS are respected (see Section 3.1 of [RFC8434]). These do include a requirement that data written to a data storage device be stable before the occurrence of the LAYOUTCOMMIT.¶
It is the responsibility of the client to make sure the data file is stable before the metadata server begins to query the storage devices about the changes to the file. If any WRITE to a storage device did not result with stable_how equal to FILE_SYNC, a LAYOUTCOMMIT to the metadata server MUST be preceded by a COMMIT to the storage devices written to. Note that if the client has not done a COMMIT to the storage device, then the LAYOUTCOMMIT might not be synchronized to the last WRITE operation to the storage device.¶
With loosely coupled storage devices, the metadata server uses synthetic uids (user ids) and gids (group ids) for the data file, where the uid owner of the data file is allowed read/write access and the gid owner is allowed read-only access. As part of the layout (see ffds_user and ffds_group in Section 6.1), the client is provided with the user and group to be used in the Remote Procedure Call (RPC) [RFC5531] credentials needed to access the data file. Fencing off of clients is achieved by the metadata server changing the synthetic uid and/or gid owners of the data file on the storage device to implicitly revoke the outstanding RPC credentials. A client presenting the wrong credential for the desired access will get an NFS4ERR_ACCESS error.¶
With this loosely coupled model, the metadata server is not able to fence off a single client; it is forced to fence off all clients. However, as the other clients react to the fencing, returning their layouts and trying to get new ones, the metadata server can hand out a new uid and gid to allow access.¶
It is RECOMMENDED to implement common access control methods at the storage device file system to allow only the metadata server root (super user) access to the storage device and to set the owner of all directories holding data files to the root user. This approach provides a practical model to enforce access control and fence off cooperative clients, but it cannot protect against malicious clients; hence, it provides a level of security equivalent to AUTH_SYS. It is RECOMMENDED that the communication between the metadata server and storage device be secure from eavesdroppers and man-in-the-middle protocol tampering. The security measure could be physical security (e.g., the servers are co-located in a physically secure area), encrypted communications, or some other technique.¶
With tightly coupled storage devices, the metadata server sets the user and group owners, mode bits, and Access Control List (ACL) of the data file to be the same as the metadata file. And the client must authenticate with the storage device and go through the same authorization process it would go through via the metadata server. In the case of tight coupling, fencing is the responsibility of the control protocol and is not described in detail in this document. However, implementations of the tightly coupled locking model (see Section 2.3) will need a way to prevent access by certain clients to specific files by invalidating the corresponding stateids on the storage device. In such a scenario, the client will be given an error of NFS4ERR_BAD_STATEID.¶
The client need not know the model used between the metadata server and the storage device. It need only react consistently to any errors in interacting with the storage device. It should both return the layout and error to the metadata server and ask for a new layout. At that point, the metadata server can either hand out a new layout, hand out no layout (forcing the I/O through it), or deny the client further access to the file.¶
The selection method for the synthetic uids and gids to be used for fencing in loosely coupled storage devices is strictly an implementation issue. That is, an administrator might restrict a range of such ids available to the Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) 'uid' field [RFC4519]. The administrator might also be able to choose an id that would never be used to grant access. Then, when the metadata server had a request to access a file, a SETATTR would be sent to the storage device to set the owner and group of the data file. The user and group might be selected in a round-robin fashion from the range of available ids.¶
Those ids would be sent back as ffds_user and ffds_group to the client, who would present them as the RPC credentials to the storage device. When the client is done accessing the file and the metadata server knows that no other client is accessing the file, it can reset the owner and group to restrict access to the data file.¶
When the metadata server wants to fence off a client, it changes the synthetic uid and/or gid to the restricted ids. Note that using a restricted id ensures that there is a change of owner and at least one id available that never gets allowed access.¶
Under an AUTH_SYS security model, synthetic uids and gids of 0 SHOULD be avoided. These typically either grant super access to files on a storage device or are mapped to an anonymous id. In the first case, even if the data file is fenced, the client might still be able to access the file. In the second case, multiple ids might be mapped to the anonymous ids.¶
The user loghyr creates a file "ompha.c" on the metadata server, which then creates a corresponding data file on the storage device.¶
The metadata server entry may look like:¶
-rw-r--r-- 1 loghyr staff 1697 Dec 4 11:31 ompha.c
On the storage device, the file may be assigned some unpredictable synthetic uid/gid to deny access_¶
-rw-r----- 1 19452 28418 1697 Dec 4 11:31 data_ompha.c
When the file is opened on a client and accessed, the user will try to get a layout for the data file. Since the layout knows nothing about the user (and does not care), it does not matter whether the user loghyr or garbo opens the file. The client has to present an uid of 19452 to get write permission. If it presents any other value for the uid, then it must give a gid of 28418 to get read access.¶
Further, if the metadata server decides to fence the file, it should change the uid and/or gid such that these values neither match earlier values for that file nor match a predictable change based on an earlier fencing.¶
-rw-r----- 1 19453 28419 1697 Dec 4 11:31 data_ompha.c
The set of synthetic gids on the storage device should be selected such that there is no mapping in any of the name services used by the storage device, i.e., each group should have no members.¶
If the layout segment has an iomode of LAYOUTIOMODE4_READ, then the metadata server should return a synthetic uid that is not set on the storage device. Only the synthetic gid would be valid.¶
The client is thus solely responsible for enforcing file permissions in a loosely coupled model. To allow loghyr write access, it will send an RPC to the storage device with a credential of 1066:1067. To allow garbo read access, it will send an RPC to the storage device with a credential of 1067:1067. The value of the uid does not matter as long as it is not the synthetic uid granted when getting the layout.¶
While pushing the enforcement of permission checking onto the client may seem to weaken security, the client may already be responsible for enforcing permissions before modifications are sent to a server. With cached writes, the client is always responsible for tracking who is modifying a file and making sure to not coalesce requests from multiple users into one request.¶
An implementation can always be deployed as a loosely coupled model. There is, however, no way for a storage device to indicate over an NFS protocol that it can definitively participate in a tightly coupled model:¶
A storage device would have to be either discovered or advertised over the control protocol to enable a tightly coupled model.¶
When locking-related operations are requested, they are primarily dealt with by the metadata server, which generates the appropriate stateids. When an NFSv4 version is used as the data access protocol, the metadata server may make stateid-related requests of the storage devices. However, it is not required to do so, and the resulting stateids are known only to the metadata server and the storage device.¶
Given this basic structure, locking-related operations are handled as follows:¶
All I/O operations to the storage device are done using the anonymous stateid. Thus, the storage device has no information about the openowner and lockowner responsible for issuing a particular I/O operation. As a result:¶
In the event that a stateid is revoked, the metadata server is responsible for preventing client access, since it has no way of being sure that the client is aware that the stateid in question has been revoked.¶
As the client never receives a stateid generated by a storage device, there is no client lease on the storage device and no prospect of lease expiration, even when access is via NFSv4 protocols. Clients will have leases on the metadata server. In dealing with lease expiration, the metadata server may need to use fencing to prevent revoked stateids from being relied upon by a client unaware of the fact that they have been revoked.¶
When locking-related operations are requested, they are primarily dealt with by the metadata server, which generates the appropriate stateids. These stateids must be made known to the storage device using control protocol facilities, the details of which are not discussed in this document.¶
Given this basic structure, locking-related operations are handled as follows:¶
Because the client will possess and use stateids valid on the storage device, there will be a client lease on the storage device, and the possibility of lease expiration does exist. The best approach for the storage device is to retain these locks as a courtesy. However, if it does not do so, control protocol facilities need to provide the means to synchronize lock state between the metadata server and storage device.¶
Clients will also have leases on the metadata server that are subject to expiration. In dealing with lease expiration, the metadata server would be expected to use control protocol facilities enabling it to invalidate revoked stateids on the storage device. In the event the client is not responsive, the metadata server may need to use fencing to prevent revoked stateids from being acted upon by the storage device.¶
The Mojette Transform is an erasure coding technique that provides fault tolerance for data storage systems by enabling the recovery of lost data blocks. This section describes the integration of the systematic Mojette Transform into the NFS protocol, focusing on encoding and decoding file system blocks, typically sized at 4KB or 8KB.¶
In the context of NFS, a data block corresponds to a file system block, which is a contiguous segment of data, typically 4KB or 8KB in size. The systematic Mojette Transform encodes these blocks to ensure data integrity and availability in distributed storage environments.¶
The systematic Mojette Transform involves the following steps to encode a file system block:¶
Size of projection = (P - 1) * |q| + (Q - 1) * |p| + 1
Projection(b, p_i, q_i) = \sum_{k=0}^{Q-1} \sum_{l=0}^{P-1} \text{Data}(k, l) * \Delta(b - l * p_i + k * q_i)
To decode a file system block that has undergone the systematic Mojette Transform, the following steps are followed:¶
Assume a file system block of 4KB is divided into a $64\times4$ matrix of 128-bit elements. Using the systematic Mojette Transform, we first compute projections along selected directions, such as (0, 1), and (1 ,1). The original 4 blocks of 64 128-bit elements remains part of the encoded data, and the 2 additional projections are stored for redundancy. If a data loss occurs, the missing elements can be recovered by using the projections and solving the inverse problem.¶
The systematic Mojette Transform provides an efficient and effective way to enhance data reliability by encoding file system blocks with additional projections. This method ensures that data can be reconstructed even in the presence of failures, thereby enhancing the fault tolerance of the file system.¶
By leveraging the systematic Mojette Transform, NFS client can achieve robust data protection with minimal performance impact.¶
This document contains the External Data Representation (XDR) [RFC4506] description of the flexible file layout type. The XDR description is embedded in this document in a way that makes it simple for the reader to extract into a ready-to-compile form. The reader can feed this document into the shell script in Figure 6 to produce the machine-readable XDR description of the flexible file layout type.¶
#!/bin/sh grep '^ *///' $* | sed 's?^ */// ??' | sed 's?^ *///$??'
That is, if the above script is stored in a file called "extract.sh" and this document is in a file called "spec.txt", then the reader can run the script as in Figure 7.¶
sh extract.sh < spec.txt > flex_files2_prot.x
The effect of the script is to remove leading white space from each line, plus a sentinel sequence of "///".¶
The embedded XDR file header follows. Subsequent XDR descriptions with the sentinel sequence are embedded throughout the document.¶
Note that the XDR code contained in this document depends on types from the NFSv4.1 nfs4_prot.x file [RFC5662]. This includes both nfs types that end with a 4, such as offset4, length4, etc., as well as more generic types such as uint32_t and uint64_t.¶
Both the XDR description and the scripts used for extracting the XDR description are Code Components as described in Section 4 of "Trust Legal Provisions (TLP)" [LEGAL]. These Code Components are licensed according to the terms of that document.¶
/// /* /// * Copyright (c) 2024 IETF Trust and the persons identified /// * as authors of the code. All rights reserved. /// * /// * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with /// * or without modification, are permitted provided that the /// * following conditions are met: /// * /// * - Redistributions of source code must retain the above /// * copyright notice, this list of conditions and the /// * following disclaimer. /// * /// * - Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above /// * copyright notice, this list of conditions and the /// * following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other /// * materials provided with the distribution. /// * /// * - Neither the name of Internet Society, IETF or IETF /// * Trust, nor the names of specific contributors, may be /// * used to endorse or promote products derived from this /// * software without specific prior written permission. /// * /// * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS /// * AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED /// * WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE /// * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS /// * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO /// * EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE /// * LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, /// * EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT /// * NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR /// * SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS /// * INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF /// * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, /// * OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING /// * IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF /// * ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. /// * /// * This code was derived from RFCTBD10. /// * Please reproduce this note if possible. /// */ /// /// /* /// * flex_files2_prot.x /// */ /// /// /* /// * The following include statements are for example only. /// * The actual XDR definition files are generated separately /// * and independently and are likely to have a different name. /// * %#include <nfsv42.x> /// * %#include <flex_files_prot.x> /// * %#include <rpc_prot.x> /// */ ///
Data operations to a storage device require the client to know the network address of the storage device. The NFSv4.1+ GETDEVICEINFO operation (Section 18.40 of [RFC8881]) is used by the client to retrieve that information.¶
The ff_device_addr4 data structure (see Figure 9) is returned by the server as the layout-type-specific opaque field da_addr_body in the device_addr4 structure by a successful GETDEVICEINFO operation.¶
/// struct ff_device_versions4 {
/// uint32_t ffdv_version;
/// uint32_t ffdv_minorversion;
/// uint32_t ffdv_rsize;
/// uint32_t ffdv_wsize;
/// bool ffdv_tightly_coupled;
/// };
///
/// struct ff_device_addr4 {
/// multipath_list4 ffda_netaddrs;
/// ff_device_versions4 ffda_versions<>;
/// };
///
The ffda_netaddrs field is used to locate the storage device. It MUST be set by the server to a list holding one or more of the device network addresses.¶
The ffda_versions array allows the metadata server to present choices as to NFS version, minor version, and coupling strength to the client. The ffdv_version and ffdv_minorversion represent the NFS protocol to be used to access the storage device. This layout specification defines the semantics for ffdv_versions 3 and 4. If ffdv_version equals 3, then the server MUST set ffdv_minorversion to 0 and ffdv_tightly_coupled to false. The client MUST then access the storage device using the NFSv3 protocol [RFC1813]. If ffdv_version equals 4, then the server MUST set ffdv_minorversion to one of the NFSv4 minor version numbers, and the client MUST access the storage device using NFSv4 with the specified minor version.¶
Note that while the client might determine that it cannot use any of the configured combinations of ffdv_version, ffdv_minorversion, and ffdv_tightly_coupled, when it gets the device list from the metadata server, there is no way to indicate to the metadata server as to which device it is version incompatible. However, if the client waits until it retrieves the layout from the metadata server, it can at that time clearly identify the storage device in question (see Section 6.4).¶
The ffdv_rsize and ffdv_wsize are used to communicate the maximum rsize and wsize supported by the storage device. As the storage device can have a different rsize or wsize than the metadata server, the ffdv_rsize and ffdv_wsize allow the metadata server to communicate that information on behalf of the storage device.¶
ffdv_tightly_coupled informs the client as to whether or not the metadata server is tightly coupled with the storage devices. Note that even if the data protocol is at least NFSv4.1, it may still be the case that there is loose coupling in effect. If ffdv_tightly_coupled is not set, then the client MUST commit writes to the storage devices for the file before sending a LAYOUTCOMMIT to the metadata server. That is, the writes MUST be committed by the client to stable storage via issuing WRITEs with stable_how == FILE_SYNC or by issuing a COMMIT after WRITEs with stable_how != FILE_SYNC (see Section 3.3.7 of [RFC1813]).¶
The flexible file layout type supports multipathing to multiple storage device addresses. Storage-device-level multipathing is used for bandwidth scaling via trunking and for higher availability of use in the event of a storage device failure. Multipathing allows the client to switch to another storage device address that may be that of another storage device that is exporting the same data stripe unit, without having to contact the metadata server for a new layout.¶
To support storage device multipathing, ffda_netaddrs contains an array of one or more storage device network addresses. This array (data type multipath_list4) represents a list of storage devices (each identified by a network address), with the possibility that some storage device will appear in the list multiple times.¶
The client is free to use any of the network addresses as a destination to send storage device requests. If some network addresses are less desirable paths to the data than others, then the metadata server SHOULD NOT include those network addresses in ffda_netaddrs. If less desirable network addresses exist to provide failover, the RECOMMENDED method to offer the addresses is to provide them in a replacement device-ID-to-device-address mapping or a replacement device ID. When a client finds no response from the storage device using all addresses available in ffda_netaddrs, it SHOULD send a GETDEVICEINFO to attempt to replace the existing device-ID-to-device-address mappings. If the metadata server detects that all network paths represented by ffda_netaddrs are unavailable, the metadata server SHOULD send a CB_NOTIFY_DEVICEID (if the client has indicated it wants device ID notifications for changed device IDs) to change the device-ID-to-device-address mappings to the available addresses. If the device ID itself will be replaced, the metadata server SHOULD recall all layouts with the device ID and thus force the client to get new layouts and device ID mappings via LAYOUTGET and GETDEVICEINFO.¶
Generally, if two network addresses appear in ffda_netaddrs, they will designate the same storage device. When the storage device is accessed over NFSv4.1 or a higher minor version, the two storage device addresses will support the implementation of client ID or session trunking (the latter is RECOMMENDED) as defined in [RFC8881]. The two storage device addresses will share the same server owner or major ID of the server owner. It is not always necessary for the two storage device addresses to designate the same storage device with trunking being used. For example, the data could be read-only, and the data consist of exact replicas.¶
The original layouttype4 introduced in [RFC5662] is modified to as in Figure 10.¶
enum layouttype4 {
LAYOUT4_NFSV4_1_FILES = 1,
LAYOUT4_OSD2_OBJECTS = 2,
LAYOUT4_BLOCK_VOLUME = 3,
LAYOUT4_FLEX_FILES = 4
};
struct layout_content4 {
layouttype4 loc_type;
opaque loc_body<>;
};
struct layout4 {
offset4 lo_offset;
length4 lo_length;
layoutiomode4 lo_iomode;
layout_content4 lo_content;
};
This document defines structures associated with the layouttype4 value LAYOUT4_FLEX_FILES. [RFC8881] specifies the loc_body structure as an XDR type "opaque". The opaque layout is uninterpreted by the generic pNFS client layers but is interpreted by the flexible file layout type implementation. This section defines the structure of this otherwise opaque value, ff_layout4.¶
/// const FF_FLAGS_NO_LAYOUTCOMMIT = 0x00000001;
/// const FF_FLAGS_NO_IO_THRU_MDS = 0x00000002;
/// const FF_FLAGS_NO_READ_IO = 0x00000004;
/// const FF_FLAGS_WRITE_ONE_MIRROR = 0x00000008;
/// typedef uint32_t ff_flags4;
///
/// /*
/// * NFsv4.0, NFSv4.1, and NFSv4.2 can all
/// * have unique stateids for the file.
/// */
/// struct ff2_file_info4 {
/// stateid4 fffi_stateid;
/// nfs_fh4 fffi_fh_vers;
/// };
///
/// /*
/// * For now, allow all protection types to
/// * be in the same flags space.
/// */
/// const FF2_DS_FLAGS_ACTIVE = 0x00000001;
/// const FF2_DS_FLAGS_SPARE = 0x00000002;
/// const FF2_DS_FLAGS_REPAIR = 0x00000004;
/// typedef uint32_t ff2_ds_flags4;
///
/// struct ff2_data_server4 {
/// deviceid4 ffds_deviceid;
/// uint32_t ffds_efficiency;
/// ff2_file_info4 ffds_file_info<>;
/// fattr4_owner ffds_user;
/// fattr4_owner_group ffds_group;
/// ff2_ds_flags4 ffds_flags;
/// };
///
/// struct ff2_mirror4 {
/// ff2_data_server4 ffm_data_servers<>;
/// ff2_protection_type ffds_protection;
/// };
///
///
/// // X_Y: Need X+Y to write
/// // Can lose Y files
/// // So Y spares
/// enum ff2_mojette_faulty_devices {
/// FF2_MOJETTE_FAULTY_DEVICES_2_1 = 0x1;
/// FF2_MOJETTE_FAULTY_DEVICES_4_1 = 0x2;
/// FF2_MOJETTE_FAULTY_DEVICES_4_2 = 0x3;
/// FF2_MOJETTE_FAULTY_DEVICES_8_1 = 0x4;
/// FF2_MOJETTE_FAULTY_DEVICES_8_2 = 0x5;
/// FF2_MOJETTE_FAULTY_DEVICES_8_3 = 0x6;
/// FF2_MOJETTE_FAULTY_DEVICES_8_4 = 0x7;
/// };
///
/// //
/// // Need to define projection header for READ/WRITE
/// //
///
/// union ff2_protection_data switch (ff2_protection_type fpd_type) {
/// case FF2_PROTECTION_TYPE_MOJETTE:
/// uint32_t fpd_mojette_rsize;
/// uint32_t fpd_mojette_wsize;
/// ff2_mojette_faulty_devices fpd_mojette_potection_configuration;
/// case FF2_PROTECTION_TYPE_MIRRORED:
/// void;
/// };
///
/// struct ff2_layout4 {
/// length4 ffl_stripe_unit;
/// ff2_mirror4 ffl_mirrors<>;
/// ff_flags4 ffl_flags;
/// uint32_t ffl_stats_collect_hint;
/// ff2_protection_data ffl_protection_data;
/// };
///
///
///
struct ff_data_server4 {
deviceid4 ffds_deviceid;
uint32_t ffds_efficiency;
stateid4 ffds_stateid;
nfs_fh4 ffds_fh_vers<>;
fattr4_owner ffds_user;
fattr4_owner_group ffds_group;
};
struct ff_mirror4 {
ff_data_server4 ffm_data_servers<>;
};
struct ff_layout4 {
length4 ffl_stripe_unit;
ff_mirror4 ffl_mirrors<>;
ff_flags4 ffl_flags;
uint32_t ffl_stats_collect_hint;
};
The ff_layout4 structure (see Figure 11) specifies a layout in that portion of the data file described in the current layout segment. It is either a single instance or a set of mirrored copies of that portion of the data file. When mirroring is in effect, it protects against loss of data in layout segments.¶
While not explicitly shown in Figure 11, each layout4 element returned in the logr_layout array of LAYOUTGET4res (see Section 18.43.2 of [RFC8881]) describes a layout segment. Hence, each ff_layout4 also describes a layout segment. It is possible that the file is concatenated from more than one layout segment. Each layout segment MAY represent different striping parameters.¶
The ffl_stripe_unit field is the stripe unit size in use for the current layout segment. The number of stripes is given inside each mirror by the number of elements in ffm_data_servers. If the number of stripes is one, then the value for ffl_stripe_unit MUST default to zero. The only supported mapping scheme is sparse and is detailed in Section 7. Note that there is an assumption here that both the stripe unit size and the number of stripes are the same across all mirrors.¶
The ffl_mirrors field is the array of mirrored storage devices that provide the storage for the current stripe; see Figure 12.¶
The ffl_stats_collect_hint field provides a hint to the client on how often the server wants it to report LAYOUTSTATS for a file. The time is in seconds.¶
+-----------+
| |
| |
| File |
| |
| |
+-----+-----+
|
+------------+------------+
| |
+----+-----+ +-----+----+
| Mirror 1 | | Mirror 2 |
+----+-----+ +-----+----+
| |
+-----------+ +-----------+
|+-----------+ |+-----------+
||+-----------+ ||+-----------+
+|| Storage | +|| Storage |
+| Devices | +| Devices |
+-----------+ +-----------+
The ffs_mirrors field represents an array of state information for each mirrored copy of the current layout segment. Each element is described by a ff_mirror4 type.¶
ffds_deviceid provides the deviceid of the storage device holding the data file.¶
ffds_fh_vers is an array of filehandles of the data file matching the available NFS versions on the given storage device. There MUST be exactly as many elements in ffds_fh_vers as there are in ffda_versions. Each element of the array corresponds to a particular combination of ffdv_version, ffdv_minorversion, and ffdv_tightly_coupled provided for the device. The array allows for server implementations that have different filehandles for different combinations of version, minor version, and coupling strength. See Section 6.4 for how to handle versioning issues between the client and storage devices.¶
For tight coupling, ffds_stateid provides the stateid to be used by the client to access the file. For loose coupling and an NFSv4 storage device, the client will have to use an anonymous stateid to perform I/O on the storage device. With no control protocol, the metadata server stateid cannot be used to provide a global stateid model. Thus, the server MUST set the ffds_stateid to be the anonymous stateid.¶
This specification of the ffds_stateid restricts both models for NFSv4.x storage protocols:¶
A number of issues stem from a mismatch between the fact that ffds_stateid is defined as a single item while ffds_fh_vers is defined as an array. It is possible for each open file on the storage device to require its own open stateid. Because there are established loosely coupled implementations of the version of the protocol described in this document, such potential issues have not been addressed here. It is possible for future layout types to be defined that address these issues, should it become important to provide multiple stateids for the same underlying file.¶
For loosely coupled storage devices, ffds_user and ffds_group provide the synthetic user and group to be used in the RPC credentials that the client presents to the storage device to access the data files. For tightly coupled storage devices, the user and group on the storage device will be the same as on the metadata server; that is, if ffdv_tightly_coupled (see Section 5.1) is set, then the client MUST ignore both ffds_user and ffds_group.¶
The allowed values for both ffds_user and ffds_group are specified as owner and owner_group, respectively, in Section 5.9 of [RFC8881]. For NFSv3 compatibility, user and group strings that consist of decimal numeric values with no leading zeros can be given a special interpretation by clients and servers that choose to provide such support. The receiver may treat such a user or group string as representing the same user as would be represented by an NFSv3 uid or gid having the corresponding numeric value. Note that if using Kerberos for security, the expectation is that these values will be a name@domain string.¶
ffds_efficiency describes the metadata server's evaluation as to the effectiveness of each mirror. Note that this is per layout and not per device as the metric may change due to perceived load, availability to the metadata server, etc. Higher values denote higher perceived utility. The way the client can select the best mirror to access is discussed in Section 9.1.¶
ffl_flags is a bitmap that allows the metadata server to inform the client of particular conditions that may result from more or less tight coupling of the storage devices.¶
[RFC8881] provides little guidance as to how the client is to proceed with a LAYOUTGET that returns an error of either NFS4ERR_LAYOUTTRYLATER, NFS4ERR_LAYOUTUNAVAILABLE, and NFS4ERR_DELAY. Within the context of this document:¶
Even if the metadata server provides the FF_FLAGS_NO_IO_THRU_MDS flag, the client can still perform I/O to the metadata server. The flag functions as a hint. The flag indicates to the client that the metadata server prefers to separate the metadata I/O from the data I/O, most likely for performance reasons.¶
The flexible file layout does not use lou_body inside the loca_layoutupdate argument to LAYOUTCOMMIT. If lou_type is LAYOUT4_FLEX_FILES, the lou_body field MUST have a zero length (see Section 18.42.1 of [RFC8881]).¶
In [RFC8881], the file layout type is defined such that the relationship between multipathing and filehandles can result in either 0, 1, or N filehandles (see Section 13.3). Some rationales for this are clustered servers that share the same filehandle or allow for multiple read-only copies of the file on the same storage device. In the flexible file layout type, while there is an array of filehandles, they are independent of the multipathing being used. If the metadata server wants to provide multiple read-only copies of the same file on the same storage device, then it should provide multiple mirrored instances, each with a different ff_device_addr4. The client can then determine that, since the each of the ffds_fh_vers are different, there are multiple copies of the file for the current layout segment available.¶
When the metadata server provides the ffda_versions array in the ff_device_addr4 (see Section 5.1), the client is able to determine whether or not it can access a storage device with any of the supplied combinations of ffdv_version, ffdv_minorversion, and ffdv_tightly_coupled. However, due to the limitations of reporting errors in GETDEVICEINFO (see Section 18.40 in [RFC8881]), the client is not able to specify which specific device it cannot communicate with over one of the provided ffdv_version and ffdv_minorversion combinations. Using ff_ioerr4 (Section 10.1.1) inside either the LAYOUTRETURN (see Section 18.44 of [RFC8881]) or the LAYOUTERROR (see Section 15.6 of [RFC7862] and Section 11 of this document), the client can isolate the problematic storage device.¶
The error code to return for LAYOUTRETURN and/or LAYOUTERROR is NFS4ERR_MINOR_VERS_MISMATCH. It does not matter whether the mismatch is a major version (e.g., client can use NFSv3 but not NFSv4) or minor version (e.g., client can use NFSv4.1 but not NFSv4.2), the error indicates that for all the supplied combinations for ffdv_version and ffdv_minorversion, the client cannot communicate with the storage device. The client can retry the GETDEVICEINFO to see if the metadata server can provide a different combination, or it can fall back to doing the I/O through the metadata server.¶
While other layout types support both dense and sparse mapping of logical offsets to physical offsets within a file (see, for example, Section 13.4 of [RFC8881]), the flexible file layout type only supports a sparse mapping.¶
With sparse mappings, the logical offset within a file (L) is also the physical offset on the storage device. As detailed in Section 13.4.4 of [RFC8881], this results in holes across each storage device that does not contain the current stripe index.¶
L: logical offset within the file
W: stripe width
W = number of elements in ffm_data_servers
S: number of bytes in a stripe
S = W * ffl_stripe_unit
N: stripe number
N = L / S
The pNFS client may encounter errors when directly accessing the storage devices. However, it is the responsibility of the metadata server to recover from the I/O errors. When the LAYOUT4_FLEX_FILES layout type is used, the client MUST report the I/O errors to the server at LAYOUTRETURN time using the ff_ioerr4 structure (see Section 10.1.1).¶
The metadata server analyzes the error and determines the required recovery operations such as recovering media failures or reconstructing missing data files.¶
The metadata server MUST recall any outstanding layouts to allow it exclusive write access to the stripes being recovered and to prevent other clients from hitting the same error condition. In these cases, the server MUST complete recovery before handing out any new layouts to the affected byte ranges.¶
Although the client implementation has the option to propagate a corresponding error to the application that initiated the I/O operation and drop any unwritten data, the client should attempt to retry the original I/O operation by either requesting a new layout or sending the I/O via regular NFSv4.1+ READ or WRITE operations to the metadata server. The client SHOULD attempt to retrieve a new layout and retry the I/O operation using the storage device first and only retry the I/O operation via the metadata server if the error persists.¶
The flexible file layout type has a simple model in place for the mirroring of the file data constrained by a layout segment. There is no assumption that each copy of the mirror is stored identically on the storage devices. For example, one device might employ compression or deduplication on the data. However, the over-the-wire transfer of the file contents MUST appear identical. Note, this is a constraint of the selected XDR representation in which each mirrored copy of the layout segment has the same striping pattern (see Figure 12).¶
The metadata server is responsible for determining the number of mirrored copies and the location of each mirror. While the client may provide a hint to how many copies it wants (see Section 13), the metadata server can ignore that hint; in any event, the client has no means to dictate either the storage device (which also means the coupling and/or protocol levels to access the layout segments) or the location of said storage device.¶
The updating of mirrored layout segments is done via client-side mirroring. With this approach, the client is responsible for making sure modifications are made on all copies of the layout segments it is informed of via the layout. If a layout segment is being resilvered to a storage device, that mirrored copy will not be in the layout. Thus, the metadata server MUST update that copy until the client is presented it in a layout. If the FF_FLAGS_WRITE_ONE_MIRROR is set in ffl_flags, the client need only update one of the mirrors (see Section 9.2). If the client is writing to the layout segments via the metadata server, then the metadata server MUST update all copies of the mirror. As seen in Section 9.3, during the resilvering, the layout is recalled, and the client has to make modifications via the metadata server.¶
When the metadata server grants a layout to a client, it MAY let the client know how fast it expects each mirror to be once the request arrives at the storage devices via the ffds_efficiency member. While the algorithms to calculate that value are left to the metadata server implementations, factors that could contribute to that calculation include speed of the storage device, physical memory available to the device, operating system version, current load, etc.¶
However, what should not be involved in that calculation is a perceived network distance between the client and the storage device. The client is better situated for making that determination based on past interaction with the storage device over the different available network interfaces between the two; that is, the metadata server might not know about a transient outage between the client and storage device because it has no presence on the given subnet.¶
As such, it is the client that decides which mirror to access for reading the file. The requirements for writing to mirrored layout segments are presented below.¶
If the FF_FLAGS_WRITE_ONE_MIRROR flag in ffl_flags is set, the client only needs to update one of the copies of the layout segment. For this case, the storage device MUST ensure that all copies of the mirror are updated when any one of the mirrors is updated. If the storage device gets an error when updating one of the mirrors, then it MUST inform the client that the original WRITE had an error. The client then MUST inform the metadata server (see Section 9.2.3). The client's responsibility with respect to COMMIT is explained in Section 9.2.4. The client may choose any one of the mirrors and may use ffds_efficiency as described in Section 9.1 when making this choice.¶
If the FF_FLAGS_WRITE_ONE_MIRROR flag in ffl_flags is not set, the client is responsible for updating all mirrored copies of the layout segments that it is given in the layout. A single failed update is sufficient to fail the entire operation. If all but one copy is updated successfully and the last one provides an error, then the client needs to inform the metadata server about the error. The client can use either LAYOUTRETURN or LAYOUTERROR to inform the metadata server that the update failed to that storage device. If the client is updating the mirrors serially, then it SHOULD stop at the first error encountered and report that to the metadata server. If the client is updating the mirrors in parallel, then it SHOULD wait until all storage devices respond so that it can report all errors encountered during the update.¶
When the client reports a write error to the metadata server, the metadata server is responsible for determining if it wants to remove the errant mirror from the layout, if the mirror has recovered from some transient error, etc. When the client tries to get a new layout, the metadata server informs it of the decision by the contents of the layout. The client MUST NOT assume that the contents of the previous layout will match those of the new one. If it has updates that were not committed to all mirrors, then it MUST resend those updates to all mirrors.¶
There is no provision in the protocol for the metadata server to directly determine that the client has or has not recovered from an error. For example, if a storage device was network partitioned from the client and the client reported the error to the metadata server, then the network partition would be repaired, and all of the copies would be successfully updated. There is no mechanism for the client to report that fact, and the metadata server is forced to repair the file across the mirror.¶
If the client supports NFSv4.2, it can use LAYOUTERROR and LAYOUTRETURN to provide hints to the metadata server about the recovery efforts. A LAYOUTERROR on a file is for a non-fatal error. A subsequent LAYOUTRETURN without a ff_ioerr4 indicates that the client successfully replayed the I/O to all mirrors. Any LAYOUTRETURN with a ff_ioerr4 is an error that the metadata server needs to repair. The client MUST be prepared for the LAYOUTERROR to trigger a CB_LAYOUTRECALL if the metadata server determines it needs to start repairing the file.¶
When stable writes are done to the metadata server or to a single replica (if allowed by the use of FF_FLAGS_WRITE_ONE_MIRROR), it is the responsibility of the receiving node to propagate the written data stably, before replying to the client.¶
In the corresponding cases in which unstable writes are done, the receiving node does not have any such obligation, although it may choose to asynchronously propagate the updates. However, once a COMMIT is replied to, all replicas must reflect the writes that have been done, and this data must have been committed to stable storage on all replicas.¶
In order to avoid situations in which stale data is read from replicas to which writes have not been propagated:¶
The metadata server may elect to create a new mirror of the layout segments at any time. This might be to resilver a copy on a storage device that was down for servicing, to provide a copy of the layout segments on storage with different storage performance characteristics, etc. As the client will not be aware of the new mirror and the metadata server will not be aware of updates that the client is making to the layout segments, the metadata server MUST recall the writable layout segment(s) that it is resilvering. If the client issues a LAYOUTGET for a writable layout segment that is in the process of being resilvered, then the metadata server can deny that request with an NFS4ERR_LAYOUTUNAVAILABLE. The client would then have to perform the I/O through the metadata server.¶
layoutreturn_file4 is used in the LAYOUTRETURN operation to convey layout-type-specific information to the server. It is defined in Section 18.44.1 of [RFC8881] (also shown in Figure 14).¶
/* Constants used for LAYOUTRETURN and CB_LAYOUTRECALL */
const LAYOUT4_RET_REC_FILE = 1;
const LAYOUT4_RET_REC_FSID = 2;
const LAYOUT4_RET_REC_ALL = 3;
enum layoutreturn_type4 {
LAYOUTRETURN4_FILE = LAYOUT4_RET_REC_FILE,
LAYOUTRETURN4_FSID = LAYOUT4_RET_REC_FSID,
LAYOUTRETURN4_ALL = LAYOUT4_RET_REC_ALL
};
struct layoutreturn_file4 {
offset4 lrf_offset;
length4 lrf_length;
stateid4 lrf_stateid;
/* layouttype4 specific data */
opaque lrf_body<>;
};
union layoutreturn4 switch(layoutreturn_type4 lr_returntype) {
case LAYOUTRETURN4_FILE:
layoutreturn_file4 lr_layout;
default:
void;
};
struct LAYOUTRETURN4args {
/* CURRENT_FH: file */
bool lora_reclaim;
layouttype4 lora_layout_type;
layoutiomode4 lora_iomode;
layoutreturn4 lora_layoutreturn;
};
If the lora_layout_type layout type is LAYOUT4_FLEX_FILES and the lr_returntype is LAYOUTRETURN4_FILE, then the lrf_body opaque value is defined by ff_layoutreturn4 (see Section 10.3). This allows the client to report I/O error information or layout usage statistics back to the metadata server as defined below. Note that while the data structures are built on concepts introduced in NFSv4.2, the effective discriminated union (lora_layout_type combined with ff_layoutreturn4) allows for an NFSv4.1 metadata server to utilize the data.¶
/// struct ff_ioerr4 {
/// offset4 ffie_offset;
/// length4 ffie_length;
/// stateid4 ffie_stateid;
/// device_error4 ffie_errors<>;
/// };
///
Recall that [RFC7862] defines device_error4 as in Figure 16:¶
struct device_error4 {
deviceid4 de_deviceid;
nfsstat4 de_status;
nfs_opnum4 de_opnum;
};
The ff_ioerr4 structure is used to return error indications for data files that generated errors during data transfers. These are hints to the metadata server that there are problems with that file. For each error, ffie_errors.de_deviceid, ffie_offset, and ffie_length represent the storage device and byte range within the file in which the error occurred; ffie_errors represents the operation and type of error. The use of device_error4 is described in Section 15.6 of [RFC7862].¶
Even though the storage device might be accessed via NFSv3 and reports back NFSv3 errors to the client, the client is responsible for mapping these to appropriate NFSv4 status codes as de_status. Likewise, the NFSv3 operations need to be mapped to equivalent NFSv4 operations.¶
/// struct ff_io_latency4 {
/// uint64_t ffil_ops_requested;
/// uint64_t ffil_bytes_requested;
/// uint64_t ffil_ops_completed;
/// uint64_t ffil_bytes_completed;
/// uint64_t ffil_bytes_not_delivered;
/// nfstime4 ffil_total_busy_time;
/// nfstime4 ffil_aggregate_completion_time;
/// };
///
Both operation counts and bytes transferred are kept in the ff_io_latency4 (see Figure 17. As seen in ff_layoutupdate4 (see Section 10.2.2), READ and WRITE operations are aggregated separately. READ operations are used for the ff_io_latency4 ffl_read. Both WRITE and COMMIT operations are used for the ff_io_latency4 ffl_write. "Requested" counters track what the client is attempting to do, and "completed" counters track what was done. There is no requirement that the client only report completed results that have matching requested results from the reported period.¶
ffil_bytes_not_delivered is used to track the aggregate number of bytes requested but not fulfilled due to error conditions. ffil_total_busy_time is the aggregate time spent with outstanding RPC calls. ffil_aggregate_completion_time is the sum of all round-trip times for completed RPC calls.¶
In Section 3.3.1 of [RFC8881], the nfstime4 is defined as the number of seconds and nanoseconds since midnight or zero hour January 1, 1970 Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). The use of nfstime4 in ff_io_latency4 is to store time since the start of the first I/O from the client after receiving the layout. In other words, these are to be decoded as duration and not as a date and time.¶
Note that LAYOUTSTATS are cumulative, i.e., not reset each time the operation is sent. If two LAYOUTSTATS operations for the same file and layout stateid originate from the same NFS client and are processed at the same time by the metadata server, then the one containing the larger values contains the most recent time series data.¶
/// struct ff_layoutupdate4 {
/// netaddr4 ffl_addr;
/// nfs_fh4 ffl_fhandle;
/// ff_io_latency4 ffl_read;
/// ff_io_latency4 ffl_write;
/// nfstime4 ffl_duration;
/// bool ffl_local;
/// };
///
ffl_addr differentiates which network address the client is connected to on the storage device. In the case of multipathing, ffl_fhandle indicates which read-only copy was selected. ffl_read and ffl_write convey the latencies for both READ and WRITE operations, respectively. ffl_duration is used to indicate the time period over which the statistics were collected. If true, ffl_local indicates that the I/O was serviced by the client's cache. This flag allows the client to inform the metadata server about "hot" access to a file it would not normally be allowed to report on.¶
/// struct ff_iostats4 {
/// offset4 ffis_offset;
/// length4 ffis_length;
/// stateid4 ffis_stateid;
/// io_info4 ffis_read;
/// io_info4 ffis_write;
/// deviceid4 ffis_deviceid;
/// ff_layoutupdate4 ffis_layoutupdate;
/// };
///
[RFC7862] defines io_info4 as in Figure 20.¶
struct io_info4 {
uint64_t ii_count;
uint64_t ii_bytes;
};
With pNFS, data transfers are performed directly between the pNFS client and the storage devices. Therefore, the metadata server has no direct knowledge of the I/O operations being done and thus cannot create on its own statistical information about client I/O to optimize the data storage location. ff_iostats4 MAY be used by the client to report I/O statistics back to the metadata server upon returning the layout.¶
Since it is not feasible for the client to report every I/O that used the layout, the client MAY identify "hot" byte ranges for which to report I/O statistics. The definition and/or configuration mechanism of what is considered "hot" and the size of the reported byte range are out of the scope of this document. For client implementation, providing reasonable default values and an optional run-time management interface to control these parameters is suggested. For example, a client can define the default byte-range resolution to be 1 MB in size and the thresholds for reporting to be 1 MB/second or 10 I/O operations per second.¶
For each byte range, ffis_offset and ffis_length represent the starting offset of the range and the range length in bytes. ffis_read.ii_count, ffis_read.ii_bytes, ffis_write.ii_count, and ffis_write.ii_bytes represent the number of contiguous READ and WRITE I/Os and the respective aggregate number of bytes transferred within the reported byte range.¶
The combination of ffis_deviceid and ffl_addr uniquely identifies both the storage path and the network route to it. Finally, ffl_fhandle allows the metadata server to differentiate between multiple read-only copies of the file on the same storage device.¶
/// struct ff_layoutreturn4 {
/// ff_ioerr4 fflr_ioerr_report<>;
/// ff_iostats4 fflr_iostats_report<>;
/// };
///
When data file I/O operations fail, fflr_ioerr_report<> is used to report these errors to the metadata server as an array of elements of type ff_ioerr4. Each element in the array represents an error that occurred on the data file identified by ffie_errors.de_deviceid. If no errors are to be reported, the size of the fflr_ioerr_report<> array is set to zero. The client MAY also use fflr_iostats_report<> to report a list of I/O statistics as an array of elements of type ff_iostats4. Each element in the array represents statistics for a particular byte range. Byte ranges are not guaranteed to be disjoint and MAY repeat or intersect.¶
If the client is using NFSv4.2 to communicate with the metadata server, then instead of waiting for a LAYOUTRETURN to send error information to the metadata server (see Section 10.1), it MAY use LAYOUTERROR (see Section 15.6 of [RFC7862]) to communicate that information. For the flexible file layout type, this means that LAYOUTERROR4args is treated the same as ff_ioerr4.¶
If the client is using NFSv4.2 to communicate with the metadata server, then instead of waiting for a LAYOUTRETURN to send I/O statistics to the metadata server (see Section 10.2), it MAY use LAYOUTSTATS (see Section 15.7 of [RFC7862]) to communicate that information. For the flexible file layout type, this means that LAYOUTSTATS4args.lsa_layoutupdate is overloaded with the same contents as in ffis_layoutupdate.¶
The layouthint4 type is defined in the [RFC8881] as in Figure 22.¶
struct layouthint4 {
layouttype4 loh_type;
opaque loh_body<>;
};
The layouthint4 structure is used by the client to pass a hint about the type of layout it would like created for a particular file. If the loh_type layout type is LAYOUT4_FLEX_FILES, then the loh_body opaque value is defined by the ff_layouthint4 type.¶
/// union ff2_mirrors_hint switch (ff2_protection_type ffmh_type) {
/// case FF2_PROTECTION_TYPE_MOJETTE:
/// void;
/// case FF2_PROTECTION_TYPE_MIRRORED:
/// void;
/// };
///
/// /*
/// * We could have this be simply ff2_protection_type
/// * for the client to state what protection algorithm
/// * it wants.
/// */
/// struct ff2_layouthint4 {
/// ff2_protection_type fflh_supported_types<>;
/// ff2_mirrors_hint fflh_mirrors_hint;
/// };
union ff_mirrors_hint switch (bool ffmc_valid) {
case TRUE:
uint32_t ffmc_mirrors;
case FALSE:
void;
};
struct ff_layouthint4 {
ff_mirrors_hint fflh_mirrors_hint;
};
This type conveys hints for the desired data map. All parameters are optional so the client can give values for only the parameter it cares about.¶
While Section 12.5.5 of [RFC8881] discusses reasons independent of layout type for recalling a layout, the flexible file layout type metadata server should recall outstanding layouts in the following cases:¶
The metadata server can use the CB_RECALL_ANY callback operation to notify the client to return some or all of its layouts. Section 22.3 of [RFC8881] defines the allowed types of the "NFSv4 Recallable Object Types Registry".¶
/// const RCA4_TYPE_MASK_FF2_LAYOUT_MIN = 20;
/// const RCA4_TYPE_MASK_FF2_LAYOUT_MAX = 21;
///
struct CB_RECALL_ANY4args {
uint32_t craa_layouts_to_keep;
bitmap4 craa_type_mask;
};
Typically, CB_RECALL_ANY will be used to recall client state when the server needs to reclaim resources. The craa_type_mask bitmap specifies the type of resources that are recalled, and the craa_layouts_to_keep value specifies how many of the recalled flexible file layouts the client is allowed to keep. The mask flags for the flexible file layout type are defined as in Figure 25.¶
/// enum ff_cb_recall_any_mask {
/// PNFS_FF_RCA4_TYPE_MASK_READ = 20,
/// PNFS_FF_RCA4_TYPE_MASK_RW = 21
/// };
///
The flags represent the iomode of the recalled layouts. In response, the client SHOULD return layouts of the recalled iomode that it needs the least, keeping at most craa_layouts_to_keep flexible file layouts.¶
The PNFS_FF_RCA4_TYPE_MASK_READ flag notifies the client to return layouts of iomode LAYOUTIOMODE4_READ. Similarly, the PNFS_FF_RCA4_TYPE_MASK_RW flag notifies the client to return layouts of iomode LAYOUTIOMODE4_RW. When both mask flags are set, the client is notified to return layouts of either iomode.¶
In cases where clients are uncommunicative and their lease has expired or when clients fail to return recalled layouts within a lease period, the server MAY revoke client layouts and reassign these resources to other clients (see Section 12.5.5 of [RFC8881]). To avoid data corruption, the metadata server MUST fence off the revoked clients from the respective data files as described in Section 2.2.¶
The combination of components in a pNFS system is required to preserve the security properties of NFSv4.1+ with respect to an entity accessing data via a client. The pNFS feature partitions the NFSv4.1+ file system protocol into two parts: the control protocol and the data protocol. As the control protocol in this document is NFS, the security properties are equivalent to the version of NFS being used. The flexible file layout further divides the data protocol into metadata and data paths. The security properties of the metadata path are equivalent to those of NFSv4.1x (see Sections 1.7.1 and 2.2.1 of [RFC8881]). And the security properties of the data path are equivalent to those of the version of NFS used to access the storage device, with the provision that the metadata server is responsible for authenticating client access to the data file. The metadata server provides appropriate credentials to the client to access data files on the storage device. It is also responsible for revoking access for a client to the storage device.¶
The metadata server enforces the file access control policy at LAYOUTGET time. The client should use RPC authorization credentials for getting the layout for the requested iomode ((LAYOUTIOMODE4_READ or LAYOUTIOMODE4_RW), and the server verifies the permissions and ACL for these credentials, possibly returning NFS4ERR_ACCESS if the client is not allowed the requested iomode. If the LAYOUTGET operation succeeds, the client receives, as part of the layout, a set of credentials allowing it I/O access to the specified data files corresponding to the requested iomode. When the client acts on I/O operations on behalf of its local users, it MUST authenticate and authorize the user by issuing respective OPEN and ACCESS calls to the metadata server, similar to having NFSv4 data delegations.¶
The combination of filehandle, synthetic uid, and gid in the layout is the way that the metadata server enforces access control to the data server. The client only has access to filehandles of file objects and not directory objects. Thus, given a filehandle in a layout, it is not possible to guess the parent directory filehandle. Further, as the data file permissions only allow the given synthetic uid read/write permission and the given synthetic gid read permission, knowing the synthetic ids of one file does not necessarily allow access to any other data file on the storage device.¶
The metadata server can also deny access at any time by fencing the data file, which means changing the synthetic ids. In turn, that forces the client to return its current layout and get a new layout if it wants to continue I/O to the data file.¶
If access is allowed, the client uses the corresponding (read-only or read/write) credentials to perform the I/O operations at the data file's storage devices. When the metadata server receives a request to change a file's permissions or ACL, it SHOULD recall all layouts for that file and then MUST fence off any clients still holding outstanding layouts for the respective files by implicitly invalidating the previously distributed credential on all data file comprising the file in question. It is REQUIRED that this be done before committing to the new permissions and/or ACL. By requesting new layouts, the clients will reauthorize access against the modified access control metadata. Recalling the layouts in this case is intended to prevent clients from getting an error on I/Os done after the client was fenced off.¶
Why we don't want to support RPCSEC_GSS. ¶
Because of the special use of principals within the loosely coupled model, the issues are different depending on the coupling model.¶
RPCSEC_GSS version 3 (RPCSEC_GSSv3) [RFC7861] contains facilities that would allow it to be used to authorize the client to the storage device on behalf of the metadata server. Doing so would require that each of the metadata server, storage device, and client would need to implement RPCSEC_GSSv3 using an RPC-application-defined structured privilege assertion in a manner described in Section 4.9.1 of [RFC7862]. The specifics necessary to do so are not described in this document. This is principally because any such specification would require extensive implementation work on a wide range of storage devices, which would be unlikely to result in a widely usable specification for a considerable time.¶
As a result, the layout type described in this document will not provide support for use of RPCSEC_GSS together with the loosely coupled model. However, future layout types could be specified, which would allow such support, either through the use of RPCSEC_GSSv3 or in other ways.¶
With tight coupling, the principal used to access the metadata file is exactly the same as used to access the data file. The storage device can use the control protocol to validate any RPC credentials. As a result, there are no security issues related to using RPCSEC_GSS with a tightly coupled system. For example, if Kerberos V5 Generic Security Service Application Program Interface (GSS-API) [RFC4121] is used as the security mechanism, then the storage device could use a control protocol to validate the RPC credentials to the metadata server.¶
[RFC8881] introduced the "pNFS Layout Types Registry"; new layout type numbers in this registry need to be assigned by IANA. This document defines the protocol associated with an existing layout type number: LAYOUT4_FLEX_FILES (see Table 1).¶
| Layout Type Name | Value | RFC | How | Minor Versions |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| LAYOUT4_FLEX_FILES_V2 | 0x6 | RFCTBD10 | L | 1 |
[RFC8881] also introduced the "NFSv4 Recallable Object Types Registry". This document defines new recallable objects for RCA4_TYPE_MASK_FF2_LAYOUT_MIN and RCA4_TYPE_MASK_FF2_LAYOUT_MAX (see Table 2).¶
| Recallable Object Type Name | Value | RFC | How | Minor Versions |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| RCA4_TYPE_MASK_FF2_LAYOUT_MIN | 20 | RFCTBD10 | L | 1 |
| RCA4_TYPE_MASK_FF2_LAYOUT_MAX | 21 | RFCTBD10 | L | 1 |
The following from Hammerspace were instrumental in driving Flex Files v2: David Flynn, Trond Myklebust, Didier Feron, Jean-Pierre Monchanin, Pierre Evenou, and Brian Pawlowski.¶
Christoph Helwig was instrumental in making sure Flex Files v2 was applicable to more than the Mojette Transformation.¶
Pierre Evenou provided the sections for the Mojette Transformation.¶
This section is to be removed before publishing as an RFC.¶
[RFC Editor: prior to publishing this document as an RFC, please replace all occurrences of RFCTBD10 with RFCxxxx where xxxx is the RFC number of this document]¶
This section is to be removed before publishing as an RFC.¶