Independent Submission M. Hausenblas Request for Comments: 7111 MapR Technologies Updates: 4180 E. Wilde Category: Informational UC Berkeley ISSN: 2070-1721 J. Tennison Open Data Institute January 2014 URI Fragment Identifiers for the text/csv Media Type Abstract This memo defines URI fragment identifiers for text/csv MIME entities. These fragment identifiers make it possible to refer to parts of a text/csv MIME entity identified by row, column, or cell. Fragment identification can use single items or ranges. Status of This Memo This document is not an Internet Standards Track specification; it is published for informational purposes. This is a contribution to the RFC Series, independently of any other RFC stream. The RFC Editor has chosen to publish this document at its discretion and makes no statement about its value for implementation or deployment. Documents approved for publication by the RFC Editor are not a candidate for any level of Internet Standard; see Section 2 of RFC 5741. Information about the current status of this document, any errata, and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7111. IESG Note The change to the text/csv media type registration requires IESG approval, as the IESG is the change controller for that registration. The IESG has, after consultation with the IETF community, approved the change, which is specified in Section 5 of this document. Hausenblas, et al. Informational [Page 1]
RFC 7111 text/csv Fragment Identifiers January 2014 Copyright Notice Copyright (c) 2014 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved. This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document. Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect to this document. Table of Contents 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.1. What is text/csv? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.2. Why text/csv Fragment Identifiers? . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.2.1. Motivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.2.2. Use Cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.3. Incremental Deployment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.4. Notation Used in this Memo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 2. Fragment Identification Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2.1. Row-Based Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2.2. Column-Based Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 2.3. Cell-Based Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 2.4. Multi-Selections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 3. Fragment Identification Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 4. Fragment Identifier Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 4.1. Syntax Errors in Fragment Identifiers . . . . . . . . . . 8 4.2. Semantics of Fragment Identifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 5. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 5.1. The text/csv media type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 6. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 7. Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 8. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 8.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 8.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Hausenblas, et al. Informational [Page 2]
RFC 7111 text/csv Fragment Identifiers January 2014 1. Introduction This memo updates the text/csv media type defined in RFC 4180 [RFC4180] by defining URI fragment identifiers for text/csv MIME entities. The change to the text/csv media type registration required IESG approval, as the IESG is the change controller for that registration. The IESG has, after consultation with the IETF community, approved the change, which is specified in Section 5 of this document. This section gives an introduction to the general concepts of text/csv MIME entities and URI fragment identifiers and discusses the need for fragment identifiers for text/csv and deployment issues. Section 2 discusses the principles and methods on which this memo is based. Section 3 defines the syntax, and Section 4 discusses processing of text/csv fragment identifiers. 1.1. What is text/csv? Internet Media Types (often referred to as "MIME types") as defined in RFC 2045 [RFC2045] and RFC 2046 [RFC2046] are used to identify different types and subtypes of media. The text/csv media type is defined in RFC 4180 [RFC4180], using US-ASCII [ASCII] as the default character encoding (other character encodings can be used as well). Apart from a media type parameter for specifying the character encoding ("charset"), there is a second media type parameter ("header") that indicates whether there is a header row in the CSV document or not. 1.2. Why text/csv Fragment Identifiers? URIs are the identification mechanism for resources on the Web. The URI syntax specified in RFC 3986 [RFC3986] optionally includes a so- called "fragment identifier", separated by a number sign ("#"). The fragment identifier consists of additional reference information to be interpreted by the client after the retrieval action has been successfully completed. The semantics of a fragment identifier is a property of the media type resulting from a retrieval action, regardless of the URI scheme used in the URI reference. Therefore, the format and interpretation of fragment identifiers is dependent on the media type of the retrieval result. 1.2.1. Motivation Similar to the motivation in RFC 5147 [RFC5147], which defines fragment identifiers for plain text files, referring to specific parts of a resource can be very useful because it enables users and Hausenblas, et al. Informational [Page 3]
RFC 7111 text/csv Fragment Identifiers January 2014 applications to create more specific references. Users can create references to a particular point of interest within a resource, rather than referring to the complete resource. Even though it is suggested that fragment identification methods are specified in a media type's registration (see [RFC6838]), many media types do not have fragment identification methods associated with them. Fragment identifiers are only useful if supported by the client, because they are only interpreted by the client. Therefore, a new fragment identification method will require some time to be adopted by clients, and older clients will not support it. However, because the URI still works even if the fragment identifier is not supported (the resource is retrieved, but the fragment identifier is not interpreted), rapid adoption is not highly critical to ensure the success of a new fragment identification method. 1.2.2. Use Cases Fragment identifiers for text/csv as defined in this memo make it possible to refer to specific parts of a text/csv MIME entity. Use cases include, but are not limited to, selecting a part for visual rendering, stream processing, making assertions about a certain value (provenance, confidence, comments, etc.), or data integration. 1.3. Incremental Deployment As long as text/csv fragment identifiers are not supported universally, it is important to consider the implications of incremental deployment. Clients (for example, Web browsers) not supporting the text/csv fragment identifier described in this memo will work with URI references to text/csv MIME entities, but they will fail to understand the identification of the sub-resource specified by the fragment identifier, and thus will behave as if the complete resource was referenced. This is a reasonable fallback behavior and, in general users, should take into account the possibility that a program interpreting a given URI will fail to interpret the fragment identifier part. Since fragment identifier evaluation is local to the client (and happens after retrieving the MIME entity), there is no reliable way for a server to determine whether a requesting client is using a URI containing a fragment identifier. 1.4. Notation Used in this Memo The capitalized key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 [RFC2119]. Hausenblas, et al. Informational [Page 4]
RFC 7111 text/csv Fragment Identifiers January 2014 2. Fragment Identification Methods This memo specifies fragment identification using the following methods: "row" for row selections, "col" for columns selections, and "cell" for cell selections. Throughout the sections below, the following example table in CSV (having 7 rows, including one header row, and 3 columns) is used: date,temperature,place 2011-01-01,1,Galway 2011-01-02,-1,Galway 2011-01-03,0,Galway 2011-01-01,6,Berkeley 2011-01-02,8,Berkeley 2011-01-03,5,Berkeley 2.1. Row-Based Selection To select a specific record, the "row" scheme followed by a single number is used (the first row is at position 1). http://example.com/data.csv#row=4 The above CSV fragment identifies the fourth row: 2011-01-03,0,Galway Fragments can also select ranges of rows: http://example.com/data.csv#row=5-7 The above CSV fragment identifies three consecutive rows: 2011-01-01,6,Berkeley 2011-01-02,8,Berkeley 2011-01-03,5,Berkeley The value "*" can be used to indicate the last row, so the previous URI is equivalent to: http://example.com/data.csv#row=5-* Hausenblas, et al. Informational [Page 5]
RFC 7111 text/csv Fragment Identifiers January 2014 2.2. Column-Based Selection To select values from a certain column, the "col" scheme is used, followed by a position (the first column is at position 1): http://example.com/data.csv#col=2 The above CSV fragment addresses the second column, identifying the column: temperature 1 -1 0 6 8 5 The "col" scheme can also be used to identify ranges of columns: http://example.com/data.csv#col=1-2 The above CSV fragment addresses the first and second column: date,temperature 2011-01-01,1 2011-01-02,-1 2011-01-03,0 2011-01-01,6 2011-01-02,8 2011-01-03,5 As for rows, the value "*" can be used to indicate the last column. 2.3. Cell-Based Selection To select particular fields, the "cell" scheme is used, followed by a row number, a comma, and a column number. http://example.com/data.csv#cell=4,1 The above CSV fragment addresses the field in the first column within the fourth row, yielding: 2011-01-03 Hausenblas, et al. Informational [Page 6]
RFC 7111 text/csv Fragment Identifiers January 2014 It is also possible to select cell-based fragments that have more than just one cell, in which case the cell selection uses the same range syntax as for row and column range selections. For these selections, the syntax uses the upper left-hand cell as the starting point of the selection, followed by a minus sign, and then the lower right-hand cell as the end point of the selection. http://example.com/data.csv#cell=4,1-6,2 The above CSV fragment selects a region that starts at the fourth row and the first column and ends at the sixth row and the second column: 2011-01-03,0 2011-01-01,6 2011-01-02,8 2.4. Multi-Selections Row, column, and cell selections can make more than one selection, in which case the individual selections are separated by semicolons. In these cases, the resulting fragment may be a disjoint fragment, such as the selection "#row=3;6" for the example CSV, which would select the third and the sixth row. It is up to the user agent to decide how to handle disjoint fragments, but since they are allowed, user agents should be prepared to handle disjoint fragments. 3. Fragment Identification Syntax The syntax for the text/csv fragment identifiers is as follows. The following syntax definition uses ABNF as defined in RFC 5234 [RFC5234], including the rule DIGIT. NOTE: In the descriptions that follow, specified text values MUST be used exactly as given, using exactly the indicated lowercase letters. In this respect, the ABNF usage differs from [RFC5234]. csv-fragment = rowsel / colsel / cellsel rowsel = "row=" singlespec 0*( ";" singlespec) colsel = "col=" singlespec 0*( ";" singlespec) cellsel = "cell=" cellspec 0*( ";" cellspec) singlespec = position [ "-" position ] cellspec = cellrow "," cellcol [ "-" cellrow "," cellcol ] cellrow = position cellcol = position position = number / "*" number = 1*( DIGIT ) Hausenblas, et al. Informational [Page 7]
RFC 7111 text/csv Fragment Identifiers January 2014 4. Fragment Identifier Processing Applications implementing support for the mechanism described in this memo MUST behave as described in the following sections. 4.1. Syntax Errors in Fragment Identifiers If a fragment identifier contains a syntax error (i.e., does not conform to the syntax specified in Section 3), then it MUST be ignored by clients. Clients MUST NOT make any attempt to correct or guess fragment identifiers. Syntax errors MAY be reported by clients. 4.2. Semantics of Fragment Identifiers Rows and columns in CSV are counted from one. Positions thus refer to the rows and columns starting from position 1, which identifies the first row or column of a CSV. The special character "*" can be used to refer to the last row or column of a CSV, thus allowing fragment identifiers to easily identify ranges that extend to the last row or column. If single selections refer to non-existing rows or columns (i.e., beyond the size of the CSV), they MUST be ignored. If ranges extend beyond the size of the CSV (by extending to rows or columns beyond the size of the CSV), they MUST be interpreted to only extend to the actual size of the CSV. If selections of ranges of rows, ranges of columns, or ranges of cells are specified in a way so that they select "inversely" (i.e., "#row=10-5" or "#cell=10,10-5,5"), they MUST be ignored. Each specification of an identified region is processed independently, and ignored specifications (because of reasons listed in the previous paragraphs) do not cause the whole fragment identifier to fail, they just mean that this single specification is ignored. For the example file, the fragment identifier "#row=1-2;5-4;13-16" does identify the first two rows: the second specification is an "inverse" specification and thus is ignored, and the third specification targets rows beyond the actual size of the CSV and thus is also ignored. The complete fragment identifier identifies all the successfully evaluated identified parts as a single identified fragment. This fragment can be disjoint because of multiple selections. Multiple selections also can result in overlapping individual parts, and it is up to the user agent how to process such a fragment and whether the Hausenblas, et al. Informational [Page 8]
RFC 7111 text/csv Fragment Identifiers January 2014 individual parts are still made accessible (i.e., visualized in visual user agents) or are presented as one unit. For example, the fragment identifier "#row=3-6;4-5" contains a second identified part that is completely contained in the first identified part. Whether a user agent maintains this selection as two parts, or simply signals that the identified fragment spans from the third to the sixth row, is up for the user agent to decide. 5. IANA Considerations IANA has added a reference to this specification in the text/csv media type registration. 5.1. The text/csv media type The Internet media type [RFC6838] for a CSV document is text/csv. The following registration has been copied from the original registration of text/csv [RFC4180], with the exception of the added fragment identification considerations and added security considerations for fragment identifiers. Type name: text Subtype name: csv Required parameters: none Optional parameters: charset, header The "charset" parameter specifies the charset employed by the CSV content. In accordance with RFC 6657 [RFC6657], the charset parameter SHOULD be used, and if it is not present, UTF-8 SHOULD be assumed as the default (this implies that US-ASCII CSV will work, even when not specifying the "charset" parameter). Any charset defined by IANA for the "text" tree may be used in conjunction with the "charset" parameter. The "header" parameter indicates the presence or absence of the header line. Valid values are "present" or "absent". Implementors choosing not to use this parameter must make their own decisions as to whether the header line is present or absent. Encoding considerations: CSV MIME entities consist of binary data [RFC6838]. As per Section 4.1.1. of RFC 2046 [RFC2046], this media type uses CRLF to denote line breaks. However, implementers should be aware that some implementations may use other values. Hausenblas, et al. Informational [Page 9]
RFC 7111 text/csv Fragment Identifiers January 2014 Security considerations: Text/csv consists of nothing but passive text data that should not pose any direct risks. However, it is possible that malicious data may be included in order to exploit buffer overruns or other bugs in the program processing the text/csv data. The text/csv format provides no confidentiality or integrity protection, so if such protections are needed, they must be supplied externally. The fact that software implementing fragment identifiers for CSV and software not implementing them differs in behavior, and the fact that different software may show documents or fragments to users in different ways, can lead to misunderstandings on the part of users. Such misunderstandings might be exploited in a way similar to spoofing or phishing. Implementers and users of fragment identifiers for CSV text should also be aware of the security considerations in RFC 3986 [RFC3986] and RFC 3987 [RFC3987]. Interoperability considerations: Due to lack of a single specification, there are considerable differences among implementations. Implementers should "be conservative in what you do, be liberal in what you accept from others" (RFC 793 [RFC0793]) when processing CSV files. An attempt at a common definition can be found in Section 2. Implementations deciding not to use the optional "header" parameter must make their own decision as to whether the header is absent or present. Published specification: While numerous private specifications exist for various programs and systems, there is no single "master" specification for this format. An attempt at a common definition can be found in Section 2 of RFC 4180 [RFC4180]. Applications that use this media type: Spreadsheet programs and various data conversion utilities. Fragment identifier considerations: Fragment identification for text/csv is supported by using fragment identifiers as specified by RFC 7111. Hausenblas, et al. Informational [Page 10]
RFC 7111 text/csv Fragment Identifiers January 2014 Additional information: Magic number(s): none File extension(s): CSV Macintosh file type code(s): TEXT Person & email address to contact for further information: Yakov Shafranovich <ietf@shaftek.org> and Erik Wilde <dret@berkeley.edu> Intended usage: COMMON Restrictions on usage: none Author: Yakov Shafranovich <ietf@shaftek.org> and Erik Wilde <dret@berkeley.edu> Change controller: IESG 6. Security Considerations The security considerations for text/csv fragment identifiers are listed in the respective section of the media type registration in Section 5.1. 7. Acknowledgements Thanks for comments and suggestions provided by Nevil Brownlee, Richard Cyganiak, Ian Davis, Gannon Dick, Leigh Dodds, and Barry Leiba. 8. References 8.1. Normative References [RFC2045] Freed, N. and N. Borenstein, "Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME) Part One: Format of Internet Message Bodies", RFC 2045, November 1996. [RFC2046] Freed, N. and N. Borenstein, "Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME) Part Two: Media Types", RFC 2046, November 1996. [RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997. Hausenblas, et al. Informational [Page 11]
RFC 7111 text/csv Fragment Identifiers January 2014 [RFC3986] Berners-Lee, T., Fielding, R., and L. Masinter, "Uniform Resource Identifier (URI): Generic Syntax", STD 66, RFC 3986, January 2005. [RFC3987] Duerst, M. and M. Suignard, "Internationalized Resource Identifiers (IRIs)", RFC 3987, January 2005. [RFC4180] Shafranovich, Y., "Common Format and MIME Type for Comma- Separated Values (CSV) Files", RFC 4180, October 2005. [RFC5234] Crocker, D. and P. Overell, "Augmented BNF for Syntax Specifications: ABNF", STD 68, RFC 5234, January 2008. [RFC6657] Melnikov, A. and J. Reschke, "Update to MIME regarding "charset" Parameter Handling in Textual Media Types", RFC 6657, July 2012. 8.2. Informative References [ASCII] ANSI X3.4-1986, "Coded Character Set - 7-Bit American National Standard Code for Information Interchange", STD 63, RFC 3629, 1992. [RFC0793] Postel, J., "Transmission Control Protocol", STD 7, RFC 793, September 1981. [RFC5147] Wilde, E. and M. Duerst, "URI Fragment Identifiers for the text/plain Media Type", RFC 5147, April 2008. [RFC6838] Freed, N., Klensin, J., and T. Hansen, "Media Type Specifications and Registration Procedures", BCP 13, RFC 6838, January 2013. Hausenblas, et al. Informational [Page 12]
RFC 7111 text/csv Fragment Identifiers January 2014 Authors' Addresses Michael Hausenblas MapR Technologies 32 Bushypark Lawn Galway Ireland Phone: +353-86-0215164 EMail: mhausenblas@maprtech.com URI: http://mhausenblas.info Erik Wilde UC Berkeley EMail: dret@berkeley.edu URI: http://dret.net/netdret/ Jeni Tennison Open Data Institute 65 Clifton Street London EC2A 4JE U.K. Phone: +44-797-4420482 EMail: jeni@jenitennison.com URI: http://www.jenitennison.com/blog/ Hausenblas, et al. Informational [Page 13]