Network Working Group J. Polk
Request for Comments: 3825 J. Schnizlein
Category: Standards Track M. Linsner
Cisco Systems
July 2004
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol Option for
Coordinate-based Location Configuration Information
Status of this Memo
This document specifies an Internet standards track protocol for the
Internet community, and requests discussion and suggestions for
improvements. Please refer to the current edition of the "Internet
Official Protocol Standards" (STD 1) for the standardization state
and status of this protocol. Distribution of this memo is unlimited.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2004).
Abstract
This document specifies a Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol Option
for the coordinate-based geographic location of the client. The
Location Configuration Information (LCI) includes latitude,
longitude, and altitude, with resolution indicators for each. The
reference datum for these values is also included.
Polk, et al. Standards Track [Page 1]
RFC 3825 DHCP Option for Coordinate LCI July 2004
Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.1. Conventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2. Motivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.3. Rationale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2. Location Configuration Information (LCI) Elements. . . . . . . 4
2.1. Elements of the Location Configuration Information . . . 5
3. Security Considerations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4. IANA Considerations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
5. Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Appendix Calculations of Imprecision possible with the DHC LCI . . 10
A.1. LCI of "White House" (Example 1) . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
A.2. LCI of "Sears Tower" (Example 2) . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
6. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
6.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
6.2. Informational References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
7. Author Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
8. Full Copyright Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1. Introduction
This document specifies a Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol [1]
Option for the coordinate-based geographic location of the client, to
be provided by the server.
The DHCP server is assumed to have determined the location from the
Circuit-ID Relay Agent Information Option (RAIO) defined (as SubOpt
1) in [2]. In order to translate the circuit (switch port
identifier) into a location, the DHCP server is assumed to have
access to a service that maps from circuit-ID to the location at
which the circuit connected to that port terminates in the building,
for example, the location of the wall jack.
An important feature of this specification is that after the relevant
DHC exchanges have taken place, the location information is stored on
the end device rather than somewhere else, where retrieving it might
be difficult in practice.
Another important feature of this LCI is its inclusion of a
resolution parameter for each of the dimensions of location. Because
this resolution parameter need not apply to all dimensions equally, a
resolution value is included for each of the 3 location elements.
Resolution does not define Geographic Privacy policy.
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The resulting location information using this resolution method is a
small fixed length Configuration Information that can be easily
carried in protocols, such as DHCP, which have limited packet size
because this LCI is only 18 bytes long.
Finally, the appendix of this document provides some arithmetic
examples of the implication of different resolution values on the
La/Lo/Alt.
1.1. Conventions used in this document
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
document are to be interpreted as described in [3].
1.2. Motivation
As applications such as IP Telephony are replacing conventional
telephony, users are expecting the same (or greater) level of
services with the new technology. One service offered by
conventional telephony that is missing in any standardized fashion
within IP Telephony is for a user to be automatically located by
emergency responders, in a timely fashion, when the user summons help
(by dialing 911 in North America, for example). Unless strict
administrative rules are followed, the mobility of a wired Ethernet
device within a campus negates any opportunity for an emergency
responder to locate the device with any degree of expediency. Users
do not want to give up the mobility IP Telephony offers. Informing
the host device of its geo-location at host configuration time will
allow the device to utilize this geo-location information to inform
others of its current geo-location, if the user and/or application so
desires.
The goal of this option is to enable a wired Ethernet host to obtain
its location, which it could provide to an emergency responder, as
one example.
Wireless hosts can utilize this option to gain knowledge of the
location of the radio access point used during host configuration,
but would need some more exotic mechanisms, maybe GPS, or maybe a
future DHCP option, which includes a list of geo-locations like that
defined here, containing the locations of the radio access points
that are close to the client.
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RFC 3825 DHCP Option for Coordinate LCI July 2004
1.3. Rationale
Within the LCI described here, Latitude and Longitude are represented
in fixed-point 2s-complement binary degrees, for the economy of a
smaller option size compared to a string encoding of digits in [7].
The integer parts of these fields are 9 bits long to accommodate +/-
180 degrees. The fractional part is 25 bits long, better than the
precision of 7 decimal digits. The length of each field is 40 bits,
34 of which is the sum of the integer (9) and fractional (25) bits,
plus 6 bits of resolution.
Altitude is determined by the Altitude Type (AT) indicated by the AT
field, which is 4 bits long. Two Altitude Types are defined here,
meters (code=1) and floors (code=2), both of which are 2s-complement
fixed-point with 22 bits of integer part and 8 bits of fractional
part. Additional Altitude Types MAY be assigned by IANA. The
"floors" Altitude Type is provided because altitude in meters may not
be known within a building, and a floor indication may be more
useful.
GPS systems today can use WGS84 for horizontal and vertical datums;
[6] defines WGS84 as a three-dimensional datum. For other datum
values that do not include a vertical component, both the horizontal
and vertical datum of reference will be specified in the IANA record.
Each of these 3 elements begins with an accuracy sub-field of 6 bits,
indicating the number of bits of resolution. This resolution sub-
field accommodates the desire to easily adjust the precision of a
reported location. Contents beyond the claimed resolution MAY be
randomized to obscure greater precision that might be available.
2. DHC Location Configuration Information Elements
DHCP is a binary Protocol; using protocols of LCI are likely to be
text based. Since most coordinate systems translate easily between
binary-based and text-based location output (even emergency services
within the US), translation/conversion is a non-issue with DHCP's
binary format.
This binary format provides a fortunate benefit in a mechanism for
making a true/correct location coordinate imprecise. It further
provides the capability to have this binary representation be
deterministically imprecise.
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The LCI format is as follows:
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Code 123 | 16 | LaRes | Latitude +
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Latitude (cont'd) | LoRes | +
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Longitude |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| AT | AltRes | Altitude |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Alt (cont'd) | Datum |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
2.1. Elements of the Location Configuration Information
Code 123: The code for this DHCP option.
16: The length of this option is 16 bytes.
LaRes: Latitude resolution. 6 bits indicating the number of
valid bits in the fixed-point value of Latitude.
This value is the number of high-order Latitude bits that should be
considered valid. Any bits entered to the right of this limit should
not be considered valid and might be purposely false, or zeroed by
the sender.
The examples in the appendix illustrate that a smaller value in the
resolution field increases the area within which the device is
located.
LaRes does not define Geographic Privacy policy.
Values above decimal 34 are undefined and reserved.
Latitude: a 34 bit fixed point value consisting of 9 bits of integer
and 25 bits of fraction. Latitude SHOULD be normalized to
within +/- 90 degrees. Positive numbers are north of the
equator and negative numbers are south of the equator.
A value of 2 in the LaRes field indicates a precision of no greater
than 1/6th that of the globe (in the first example of the appendix).
A value of 34 in the LaRes field indicates a precision of about 3.11
mm in Latitude at the equator.
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RFC 3825 DHCP Option for Coordinate LCI July 2004
LoRes: Longitude resolution. 6 bits indicating the number of
valid bits in the fixed-point value of Longitude.
This value is the number of high-order Longitude bits that should be
considered valid. Any bits entered to the right of this limit should
not be considered valid and might be purposely false, or zeroed by
the sender.
LoRes does not define Geographic Privacy policy.
Values above decimal 34 are undefined and reserved.
Longitude: a 34 bit fixed point value consisting of 9 bits of integer
and 25 bits of fraction. Longitude SHOULD be normalized
to within +/- 180 degrees. Positive values are East of
the prime meridian and negative (2s complement) numbers
are West of the prime meridian.
A value of 2 in the LoRes field indicates precision of no greater
than 1/6th that of the globe (see first example of the appendix). A
value of 34 in the LoRes field indicates a precision of about 2.42 mm
in longitude (at the equator). Because lines of longitude converge
at the poles, the distance is smaller (better precision) for
locations away from the equator.
Altitude: A 30 bit value defined by the AT field
AltRes: Altitude resolution. 6 bits indicating the number of
valid bits in the altitude. Values above 30 (decimal) are
undefined and reserved.
AltRes does not define Geographic Privacy policy.
AT: Altitude Type for altitude. Codes defined are:
1: Meters - in 2s-complement fixed-point 22-bit integer part with 8-
bit fraction
If AT = 1, an AltRes value 0.0 would indicate unknown altitude. The
most precise Altitude would have an AltRes value of 30. Many values
of AltRes would obscure any variation due to vertical datum
differences.
2: Floors - in 2s-complement fixed-point 22-bit integer part with
8-bit fraction
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RFC 3825 DHCP Option for Coordinate LCI July 2004
AT = 2 for Floors enables representing altitude in a form more
relevant in buildings which have different floor-to-floor dimensions.
An altitude coded as AT = 2, AltRes = 30, and Altitude = 0.0 is
meaningful even outside a building, and represents ground level at
the given latitude and longitude. Inside a building, 0.0 represents
the floor level associated with ground level at the main entrance.
This document defines a number; one must arrive at the number by
counting floors from the floor defined to be 0.0.
The values represented by this AT will be of local significance.
Since buildings and floors can vary due to lack of common control,
the values chosen to represent the characteristics of an individual
building will be derived and agreed upon by the operator of the
building and the intended users of the data. Attempting to
standardize this type of function is beyond the scope this document.
Sub-floors can be represented by non-integer values. Example: a
mezzanine between floor 1 and floor 2 could be represented as a value
= 1.1. Example: (2) mezzanines between floor 4 and floor 5 could be
represented as values = 4.1 and 4.2 respectively.
Floors located below ground level could be represented by negative
values.
Larger values represent floors that are above (higher in altitude)
floors with lower values.
The AltRes field SHOULD be set to maximum precision when AT = 2
(floors) when a floor value is included in the DHCP Reply, or the
AT = 0 to denote the floor isn't known.
Any additional LCI Altitude Types(s) to be defined for use via this
DHC Option MUST be done through a Standards Track RFC.
Datum: The Map Datum used for the coordinates given in this Option
The datum must include both a horizontal and a vertical reference.
Since the WGS 84 reference datum is three-dimensional, it includes
both. For any additional datum parameters, the datum codepoint must
specify both horizontal datum and vertical datum references.
The Datum byte has 256 possibilities, of which 3 have been registered
with IANA by this document (all derived from specification in [5]):
1: WGS 84 (Geographical 3D) - World Geodesic System 1984, CRS
Code 4327, Prime Meridian Name: Greenwich
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2: NAD83 - North American Datum 1983, CRS Code 4269, Prime
Meridian Name: Greenwich; The associated vertical datum
is the North American Vertical Datum of 1988 (NAVD88)
This datum pair is to be used when referencing
locations on land, not near tidal water (which would
use Datum = 3 below)
3: NAD83 - North American Datum 1983, CRS Code 4269, Prime
Meridian Name: Greenwich; The associated vertical datum
is Mean Lower Low Water (MLLW)
This datum pair is to be used when referencing
locations on water/sea/ocean
Any additional LCI datum(s) to be defined for use via this DHC Option
MUST be done through a Standards Track RFC.
3. Security Considerations
Where critical decisions might be based on the value of this GeoConf
option, DHCP authentication in [4] SHOULD be used to protect the
integrity of the DHCP options.
Since there is no privacy protection for DHCP messages, an
eavesdropper who can monitor the link between the DHCP server and
requesting client can discover this LCI.
To minimize the unintended exposure of location information, the LCI
option SHOULD be returned by DHCP servers only when the DHCP client
has included this option in its 'parameter request list' (section 3.5
[1]).
When implementing a DHC server that will serve clients across an
uncontrolled network, one should consider the potential security
risks.
4. IANA Considerations
IANA has assigned a DHCP option code of 123 for the GeoConf option
defined in this document.
The GeoConf Option defines two fields for which IANA maintains a
registry: The Altitude (AT) field (see Section 2) and the Datum field
(see Section 2). The datum indicator MUST include specification of
both horizontal and vertical datum. New values for the Altitude (AT)
field are assigned through "Standards Action" [RFC 2434]. The
initial values of the Altitude registry are as follows:
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RFC 3825 DHCP Option for Coordinate LCI July 2004
AT = 1 meters of Altitude defined by the vertical datum specified.
AT = 2 building Floors of Altitude.
Datum = 1 denotes the vertical datum WGS 84 as defined by the EPSG as
their CRS Code 4327; CRS Code 4327 also specifies WGS 84 as
the vertical datum
Datum = 2 denotes the vertical datum NAD83 as defined by the EPSG as
their CRS Code 4269; North American Vertical Datum of 1988
(NAVD88) is the associated vertical datum for NAD83
Datum = 3 denotes the vertical datum NAD83 as defined by the EPSG as
their CRS Code 4269; Mean Lower Low Water (MLLW) is the
associated vertical datum for NAD83
Any additional LCI datum(s) to be defined for use via this DHC Option
MUST be done through a Standards Track RFC.
5. Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank Patrik Falstrom, Ralph Droms, Ted
Hardie, Jon Peterson, and Nadine Abbott for their inputs and
constructive comments regarding this document. Additionally, the
authors would like to thank Greg Troxel for the education on vertical
datums, and to Carl Reed.
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RFC 3825 DHCP Option for Coordinate LCI July 2004
Appendix: Calculations of Imprecision Possible with the DHC LCI
The following examples for two different locations demonstrate how
the Resolution values for Latitude, Longitude, and Altitude can be
used. In both examples the geo-location values were derived from
maps using the WGS84 map datum, therefore in these examples, the
datum field would have a value = 1 (00000001, or 0x01).
A.1. Location Configuration Information of "White House" (Example 1)
The address was NOT picked for any political reason and can easily be
found on the Internet or mapping software, but was picked as an
easily identifiable location on our planet.
Postal Address:
White House
1600 Pennsylvania Ave. NW
Washington, DC 20006
Standing on the sidewalk, north side of White House, between
driveways.
Latitude 38.89868 degrees North (or +38.89868 degrees)
Using 2s complement, 34 bit fixed point, 25 bit fraction
Latitude = 0x04dcc1fc8,
Latitude = 0001001101110011000001111111001000
Longitude 77.03723 degrees West (or -77.03723 degrees)
Using 2s complement, 34 bit fixed point, 25 bit fraction
Longitude = 0xf65ecf031,
Longitude = 1101100101111011001111000000110001
Altitude 15
In this example, we are not inside a structure, therefore we will
assume an altitude value of 15 meters, interpolated from the US
Geological survey map, Washington West quadrangle.
AltRes = 30, 0x1e, 011110
AT = 1, 0x01, 000001
Altitude = 15, 0x0F00, 00000000000000000000000001111100000000
If: LaRes is expressed as value 2 (0x02 or 000010) and LoRes is
expressed as value 2 (0x02 or 000010), then it would describe a
geo-location region that is north of the equator and extends from
-1 degree (west of the meridian) to -128 degrees. This would
include the area from approximately 600km south of Saltpond,
Ghana, due north to the North Pole and approximately 4400km
Polk, et al. Standards Track [Page 10]
RFC 3825 DHCP Option for Coordinate LCI July 2004
south-southwest of Los Angeles, CA due north to the North Pole.
This would cover an area of about one-sixth of the globe,
approximately 20 million square nautical miles (nm).
If: LaRes is expressed as value 3 (0x03 or 000011) and LoRes is
expressed as value 3 (0x03 or 000011), then it would describe a
geo-location area that is north from the equator to 63 degrees
north, and -65 degrees to -128 degrees longitude. This area
includes south of a line from Anchorage, AL to eastern Nunavut,
CN, and from the Amazons of northern Brazil to approximately
4400km south-southwest of Los Angeles, CA. This area would
include North America, Central America, and parts of Venezuela
and Columbia, except portions of Alaska and northern and eastern
Canada, approximately 10 million square nm.
If: LaRes is expressed as value 5 (0x05 or 000101) and LoRes is
expressed as value 5 (0x05 or 000101), then it would describe a
geo-location area that is latitude 32 north of the equator to
latitude 48 and extends from -64 degrees to -80 degrees
longitude. This is approximately an east-west boundary of a time
zone, an area of approximately 700,000 square nm.
If: LaRes is expressed as value 9 (0x09 or 001001) and LoRes is
expressed as value 9 (0x09 or 001001), which includes all the
integer bits, then it would describe a geo-location area that is
latitude 38 north of the equator to latitude 39 and extends from
-77 degrees to -78 degrees longitude. This is an area of
approximately 9600 square km (111.3km x 86.5km).
If: LaRes is expressed as value 18 (0x12 or 010010) and LoRes is
expressed as value 18 (0x12 or 010010), then it would describe a
geo-location area that is latitude 38.8984375 north to latitude
38.9003906 and extends from -77.0390625 degrees to -77.0371094
degrees longitude. This is an area of approximately 36,600
square meters (169m x 217m).
If: LaRes is expressed as value 22 (0x16 or 010110) and LoRes is
expressed as value 22 (0x16 or 010110), then it would describe a
geo-location area that is latitude 38.896816 north to latitude
38.8985596 and extends from -77.0372314 degrees to -77.0371094
degrees longitude. This is an area of approximately 143 square
meters (10.5m x 13.6m).
If: LaRes is expressed as value 28 (0x1c or 011100) and LoRes is
expressed as value 28 (0x1c or 011100), then it would describe a
geo-location area that is latitude 38.8986797 north to latitude
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RFC 3825 DHCP Option for Coordinate LCI July 2004
38.8986816 and extends from -77.0372314 degrees to -77.0372296
degrees longitude. This is an area of approximately 339 square
centimeters (20.9cm x 16.23cm).
If: LaRes is expressed as value 30 (0x1e or 011110) and LoRes is
expressed as value 30 (0x1e or 011110), then it would describe a
geo-location area that is latitude 38.8986797 north to latitude
38.8986802 and extends from -77.0372300 degrees to -77.0372296
degrees longitude. This is an area of approximately 19.5 square
centimeters (50mm x 39mm).
If: LaRes is expressed as value 34 (0x22 or 100010) and LoRes is
expressed as value 34 (0x22 or 100010), then it would describe a
geo-location area that is latitude 38.8986800 north to latitude
38.8986802 and extends from -77.0372300 degrees to -77.0372296
degrees longitude. This is an area of approximately 7.5 square
millimeters (3.11mm x 2.42mm).
In the (White House) example, the requirement of emergency responders
in North America via their NENA Model Legislation [8] could be met by
a LaRes value of 21 and a LoRes value of 20. This would yield a
geo-location that is latitude 38.8984375 north to latitude 38.8988616
north and longitude -77.0371094 to longitude -77.0375977. This is an
area of approximately 89 feet by 75 feet or 6669 square feet, which
is very close to the 7000 square feet requested by NENA. In this
example, a service provider could enforce that a device send a
Location Configuration Information with this minimum amount of
resolution for this particular location when calling emergency
services.
A.2. Location Configuration Information of "Sears Tower" (Example 2)
Postal Address:
Sears Tower
103rd Floor
233 S. Wacker Dr.
Chicago, IL 60606
Viewing the Chicago area from the Observation Deck of the Sears
Tower.
Latitude 41.87884 degrees North (or +41.87884 degrees)
Using 2s complement, 34 bit fixed point, 25 bit fraction
Latitude = 0x053c1f751,
Latitude = 0001010011110000011111011101010001
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RFC 3825 DHCP Option for Coordinate LCI July 2004
Longitude 87.63602 degrees West (or -87.63602 degrees)
Using 2s complement, 34 bit fixed point, 25 bit fraction
Longitude = 0xf50ba5b97,
Longitude = 1101010000101110100101101110010111
Altitude 103
In this example, we are inside a structure, therefore we will assume
an altitude value of 103 to indicate the floor we are on. The
Altitude Type value is 2, indicating floors. The AltRes field would
indicate that all bits in the Altitude field are true, as we want to
accurately represent the floor of the structure where we are located.
AltRes = 30, 0x1e, 011110
AT = 2, 0x02, 000010
Altitude = 103, 0x00006700, 000000000000000110011100000000
For the accuracy of the latitude and longitude, the best information
available to us was supplied by a generic mapping service that shows
a single geo-loc for all of the Sears Tower. Therefore we are going
to show LaRes as value 18 (0x12 or 010010) and LoRes as value 18
(0x12 or 010010). This would be describing a geo-location area that
is latitude 41.8769531 to latitude 41.8789062 and extends from
-87.6367188 degrees to -87.6347657 degrees longitude. This is an
area of approximately 373412 square feet (713.3 ft. x 523.5 ft.).
6. References
6.1. Normative References
[1] Droms, R., "Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol", RFC 2131, March
1997.
[2] Patrick, M., "DHCP Relay Agent Information Option", RFC 3046,
January 2001.
[3] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement
Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
[4] Droms, R. and W. Arbaugh, "Authentication for DHCP Messages", RFC
3118, June 2001.
[5] European Petroleum Survey Group, http://www.epsg.org/ and
http://www.ihsenergy.com/epsg/geodetic2.html
[6] World Geodetic System 1984 (WGS 84), MIL-STD-2401,
http://www.wgs84.com/
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RFC 3825 DHCP Option for Coordinate LCI July 2004
6.2. Informational References
[7] Farrell, C., Schulze, M., Pleitner, S. and D. Baldoni, "DNS
Encoding of Geographical Location", RFC 1712, November 1994.
[8] National Emergency Number Association (NENA) www.nena.org NENA
Technical Information Document on Model Legislation Enhanced 911
for Multi-Line Telephone Systems.
7. Author Information
James M. Polk
Cisco Systems
2200 East President George Bush Turnpike
Richardson, Texas 75082 USA
EMail: jmpolk@cisco.com
John Schnizlein
Cisco Systems
9123 Loughran Road
Fort Washington, MD 20744 USA
EMail: john.schnizlein@cisco.com
Marc Linsner
Cisco Systems
Marco Island, FL 34145 USA
EMail: marc.linsner@cisco.com
Polk, et al. Standards Track [Page 14]
RFC 3825 DHCP Option for Coordinate LCI July 2004
8. Full Copyright Statement
Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2004). This document is subject
to the rights, licenses and restrictions contained in BCP 78, and
except as set forth therein, the authors retain all their rights.
This document and the information contained herein are provided on an
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OR IS SPONSORED BY (IF ANY), THE INTERNET SOCIETY AND THE INTERNET
ENGINEERING TASK FORCE DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED,
INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF THE
INFORMATION HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED
WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
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Acknowledgement
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Internet Society.
Polk, et al. Standards Track [Page 15]