RFC 8865: T.140 Real-Time Text Conversation over WebRTC Data Channels

RFC 8865	T.140 Data Channel	January 2021
Holmberg & Hellström	Standards Track	[Page]

Abstract

This document specifies how a Web Real-Time Communication (WebRTC) data channel can be used as a transport mechanism for real-time text using the ITU-T Protocol for multimedia application text conversation (Recommendation ITU-T T.140) and how the Session Description Protocol (SDP) offer/answer mechanism can be used to negotiate such a data channel, referred to as a T.140 data channel. This document updates RFC 8373 to specify its use with WebRTC data channels.¶

1. Introduction

The ITU-T Protocol for multimedia application text conversation (Recommendation ITU-T T.140) [T140] defines a protocol for text conversation, also known as real-time text. The transport used for IP networks is the "RTP Payload for Text Conversation" mechanism [RFC4103], based on the Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP) [RFC3550].¶

This document specifies how a Web Real-Time Communication (WebRTC) data channel [RFC8831] can be used as a transport mechanism for T.140 and how the Session Description Protocol (SDP) offer/answer mechanism for data channels [RFC8864] can be used to negotiate such a data channel.¶

In this document, a T.140 data channel refers to a WebRTC data channel for which the instantiated subprotocol is "t140" and where the channel is negotiated using the SDP offer/answer mechanism [RFC8864].¶

The brief notation "T.140" is used as a name for the text conversation protocol according to [T140].¶

Real-time text is intended to be entered by human users via a keyboard, handwriting recognition, voice recognition, or any other input method. The rate of character entry is usually at a level of a few characters per second or less.¶

Section 3 defines the generic data channel properties for a T.140 data channel, and Section 4 defines how they are conveyed in an SDP 'dcmap' attribute. While this document defines how to negotiate a T.140 data channel using the SDP offer/answer mechanism [RFC8864], the generic T.140 and gateway considerations defined in Sections 3, 5, and 6 of this document can also be applied when a T.140 data channel is established using another mechanism (e.g., the mechanism defined in [RFC8832]). Section 5 of [RFC8864] defines the mapping between the SDP 'dcmap' attribute parameters and the protocol parameters used in [RFC8832].¶

This document updates [RFC8373] by defining how the SDP 'hlang-send' and 'hlang-recv' attributes are used for the "application/webrtc-datachannel" media type.¶

Table 1
Subprotocol Identifier	t140
Transmission reliability	reliable
Transmission order	in-order
Label	See Section 4.1

4. SDP Considerations

The generic SDP considerations, including the SDP offer/answer procedures [RFC3264], for negotiating a WebRTC data channel are defined in [RFC8864]. This section, and its subsections, define the SDP considerations that are specific to a T.140 data channel, identified by the 'subprotocol' attribute parameter, with a "t140" parameter value, in the 'dcmap' attribute.¶

4.1. Use of the 'dcmap' Attribute

An offerer and answerer MUST, in each offer and answer, include an SDP 'dcmap' attribute [RFC8864] in the SDP media description ("m=" section) [RFC4566] describing the Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) association [RFC4960] used to realize the T.140 data channel.¶

The offerer and answerer MUST include the 'subprotocol' attribute parameter, with a "t140" parameter value, in the 'dcmap' attribute.¶

The offerer and answerer MAY include the 'priority' attribute parameter and the 'label' attribute parameter in the 'dcmap' attribute value, as specified in [RFC8864].¶

The offerer and answerer MUST NOT include the 'max-retr' or 'max-time' attribute parameter in the 'dcmap' attribute. If either of those attribute parameters is received in an offer, the answerer MUST reject the offer. If either of those attribute parameters is received in an answer, the offerer MUST NOT accept the answer. Instead, the answerer MUST take appropriate actions, e.g., by sending a new offer without a T.140 data channel or by terminating the session.¶

If the 'ordered' attribute parameter is included in the 'dcmap' attribute, it MUST be assigned the value 'true'.¶

Below is an example of the 'dcmap' attribute for a T.140 data channel with stream id=3 and without any label:¶

a=dcmap:3 subprotocol="t140"¶

4.2. Use of the 'dcsa' Attribute

An offerer and answerer can, in each offer and answer, include one or more SDP 'dcsa' attributes [RFC8864] in the "m=" section describing the SCTP association used to realize the T.140 data channel.¶

If an offerer or answerer receives a 'dcsa' attribute that contains an SDP attribute whose usage has not been defined for a T.140 data channel, the offerer or answerer should ignore the 'dcsa' attribute, following the rules in Section 6.7 of [RFC8864].¶

4.2.1. Maximum Character Transmission Rate

A 'dcsa' attribute can contain the SDP 'fmtp' attribute, which is used to indicate a maximum character transmission rate [RFC4103]. The 'cps' attribute parameter is used to indicate the maximum character transmission rate that the endpoint that includes the attribute is able to receive, and the value is used as a mean value in characters per second over any 10-second interval.¶

If the 'fmtp' attribute is included, the 'format' attribute parameter value MUST be set to 't140'.¶

If no 'fmtp' attribute with a 'cps' attribute parameter is included, the default value of 30 applies [RFC4103].¶

The offerer and answerer MAY modify the 'cps' attribute parameter value in subsequent offers and answers.¶

This document does not define any other usage of the 'fmtp' attribute for a T.140 channel. If an offerer or answerer receives a 'dcsa' attribute that contains an 'fmtp' attribute that is not set according to the procedure above, the offerer or answerer MUST ignore the 'dcsa' attribute.¶

If an endpoint receives text at a higher rate than it can handle, e.g., because the sending endpoint does not support the 'cps' attribute parameter, it SHOULD either (1) indicate to the sending endpoint that it is not willing to receive more text, using the direction attributes (Section 4.2.3) or (2) use a flow-control mechanism to reduce the rate. However, in certain applications, e.g., emergency services, it is important to regain human interaction as soon as possible, and it might therefore be more appropriate to simply discard the received overflow, insert a mark for loss [T140ad1], and continue to process the received text as soon as possible.¶

4.2.2. Real-Time Text Conversation Languages

'dcsa' attributes can contain the SDP 'hlang-send' and 'hlang-recv' attributes [RFC8373] to negotiate the language to be used for the real-time text conversation.¶

For a T.140 data channel, the modality is "written" [RFC8373].¶

4.2.3. Real-Time Text Direction

'dcsa' attributes can contain the SDP 'sendonly', 'recvonly', 'sendrecv', and 'inactive' attributes [RFC4566] to negotiate the direction in which text can be transmitted in a real-time text conversation.¶

The offer/answer rules for the direction attributes are based on the rules for unicast streams defined in [RFC3264], as described below. Note that the rules only apply to the direction attributes.¶

Session-level direction attributes [RFC4566] have no impact on a T.140 data channel.¶

4.2.3.1. Generating an Offer

If the offerer wishes to both send and receive text on a T.140 data channel, it SHOULD mark the data channel as sendrecv with a 'sendrecv' attribute inside a 'dcsa' attribute. If the offerer does not explicitly mark the data channel, an implicit 'sendrecv' attribute inside a 'dcsa' attribute is applied by default.¶

If the offerer wishes to only send text on a T.140 data channel, it MUST mark the data channel as sendonly with a 'sendonly' attribute inside a 'dcsa' attribute.¶

If the offerer wishes to only receive text on a T.140 data channel, it MUST mark the data channel as recvonly with a 'recvonly' attribute inside a 'dcsa' attribute.¶

If the offerer wishes to neither send nor receive text on a T.140 data channel, it MUST mark the data channel as inactive with an 'inactive' attribute inside a 'dcsa' attribute.¶

If the offerer has marked a data channel as sendrecv (or if the offerer did not explicitly mark the data channel) or recvonly, it MUST be prepared to receive T.140 data as soon as the state of the T.140 data channel allows it.¶

4.2.3.2. Generating an Answer

When the answerer accepts an offer and marks the direction of the text in the corresponding answer, the direction is based on the marking (or the lack of explicit marking) in the offer.¶

If the offerer either explicitly marked the data channel as sendrecv or did not mark the data channel, the answerer SHOULD mark the data channel as sendrecv, sendonly, recvonly, or inactive with a 'sendrecv', 'sendonly', 'recvonly', or 'inactive' attribute, respectively, inside a 'dcsa' attribute. If the answerer does not explicitly mark the data channel, an implicit 'sendrecv' attribute inside a 'dcsa' attribute is applied by default.¶

If the offerer marked the data channel as sendonly, the answerer MUST mark the data channel as recvonly or inactive with a 'recvonly' or 'inactive' attribute, respectively, inside a 'dcsa' attribute.¶

If the offerer marked the data channel as recvonly, the answerer MUST mark the data channel as sendonly or inactive with a 'sendonly' or 'inactive' attribute, respectively, inside a 'dcsa' attribute.¶

If the offerer marked the data channel as inactive, the answerer MUST mark the data channel as inactive with an 'inactive' attribute inside a 'dcsa' attribute.¶

If the answerer has marked a data channel as sendrecv or recvonly, it MUST be prepared to receive data as soon as the state of the T.140 data channel allows transmission of data.¶

4.2.3.3. Offerer Receiving an Answer

When the offerer receives an answer to the offer and the answerer has marked a data channel as sendrecv (or the answerer did not mark the data channel) or recvonly in the answer, the offerer can start sending T.140 data as soon as the state of the T.140 data channel allows it. If the answerer has marked the data channel as inactive or sendonly, the offerer MUST NOT send any T.140 data.¶

If the answerer has not marked the direction of a T.140 data channel in accordance with the procedures above, it is RECOMMENDED that the offerer not process that scenario as an error situation but rather assume that the answerer might both send and receive T.140 data on the data channel.¶

4.2.3.4. Modifying the Text Direction

If an endpoint wishes to modify a previously negotiated text direction in an ongoing session, it MUST initiate an offer that indicates the new direction, following the rules in Section 4.2.3.1. If the answerer accepts the offer, it follows the procedures in Section 4.2.3.2.¶

4.3. Examples

Below is an example of an "m=" section of an offer for a T.140 data channel offering real-time text conversation in Spanish and Esperanto, and an "m=" section in the associated answer accepting Esperanto. The maximum character transmission rate is set to 20. As the offerer and answerer have not explicitly indicated the real-time text direction, the default direction "sendrecv" applies.¶

Offer:

   m=application 911 UDP/DTLS/SCTP webrtc-datachannel
   c=IN IP6 2001:db8::3
   a=max-message-size:1000
   a=sctp-port 5000
   a=setup:actpass
   a=dcmap:2 label="ACME customer service";subprotocol="t140"
   a=dcsa:2 fmtp:t140 cps=20
   a=dcsa:2 hlang-send:es eo
   a=dcsa:2 hlang-recv:es eo

Answer:

   m=application 2004 UDP/DTLS/SCTP webrtc-datachannel
   c=IN IP6 2001:db8::1
   a=max-message-size:1000
   a=sctp-port 6000
   a=setup:passive
   a=dcmap:2 label="ACME customer service";subprotocol="t140"
   a=dcsa:2 fmtp:t140 cps=20
   a=dcsa:2 hlang-send:eo
   a=dcsa:2 hlang-recv:eo

Below is an example of an "m=" section of an offer for a T.140 data channel where the offerer wishes to only receive real-time text, and an "m=" section in the associated answer indicating that the answerer will only send real-time text. No maximum character transmission rate is indicated. No preference for the language to be used for the real-time text conversation is indicated.¶

Offer:

   m=application 1400 UDP/DTLS/SCTP webrtc-datachannel
   c=IN IP6 2001:db8::3
   a=max-message-size:1000
   a=sctp-port 5000
   a=setup:actpass
   a=dcmap:2 label="ACME customer service";subprotocol="t140"
   a=dcsa:2 recvonly

Answer:

   m=application 2400 UDP/DTLS/SCTP webrtc-datachannel
   c=IN IP6 2001:db8::1
   a=max-message-size:1000
   a=sctp-port 6000
   a=setup:passive
   a=dcmap:2 label="ACME customer service";subprotocol="t140"
   a=dcsa:2 sendonly

5. T.140 Considerations

5.1. Session-Layer Functions

Section 6.1 of [T140] describes the generic T.140 session control functions at a high level, in a manner that is independent of the signaling protocol. The list below describes how the functions are realized when using a T.140 data channel.¶

Prepare session:: An endpoint can indicate its support of T.140 data channels using signaling-specific means (e.g., using SIP OPTIONS [RFC3261]) or by indicating the support in an offer or answer (Section 4).¶
Initiate session:: An offer is used to request the establishment of a T.140 data channel (Section 4).¶
Accept session:: An answer is used to accept a request to establish a T.140 data channel (Section 4).¶
Deny session:: An answer is used to reject a request to establish a T.140 data channel, using the generic procedures for rejecting a data channel [RFC8864].¶
Disconnect session:: An offer or answer is used to disable a previously established T.140 data channel, using the generic procedures for closing a data channel [RFC8864].¶
Data:: Data is sent on an established T.140 data channel (Section 5.2).¶

5.2. Data Encoding and Sending

T.140 text is encoded and framed as T140blocks [RFC4103].¶

Each T140block is sent on the SCTP stream [RFC4960] used to realize the T.140 data channel using standard T.140 transmission procedures [T140]. One or more T140blocks can be sent in a single SCTP user message [RFC4960]. Unlike RTP-based transport for real-time text [RFC4103], T.140 data channels do not use redundant transmission of text; this is because the T.140 data channel achieves robust transmission by using the "reliable" mode of the data channel.¶

Data-sending procedures conform to [T140].¶

See Section 8 of [T140] for coding details.¶

5.3. Data Buffering

As described in [T140], buffering can be used to reduce overhead, with the maximum assigned transmission interval of T140blocks from the buffer being 500 ms as long as there is text to send.¶

Buffering MAY also be used for staying within the maximum character transmission rate (Section 4.2).¶

An implementation needs to take the user requirements for smooth flow and low latency in real-time text conversation into consideration when assigning a transmission interval. It is RECOMMENDED to use the default transmission interval of 300 ms [RFC4103], for T.140 data channels. Implementers might also use lower values for specific applications requiring low latency, taking the increased overhead into consideration.¶

5.4. Loss of T140blocks

In the case of network failure or congestion, T.140 data channels might fail and get torn down. If this happens but the session is sustained, it is RECOMMENDED that implementations try to reestablish the T.140 data channels. As a T.140 data channel does not provide a mechanism for the receiver to identify retransmitted T140blocks after channel reestablishment, the sending endpoint MUST NOT retransmit T140blocks. Similarly, a receiver SHOULD indicate to the user that a channel has been reestablished and text might have been lost. This MAY be done by inserting the missing text markers [T140ad1] or in any other way evident to the user.¶

5.5. Multi-party Considerations

If an implementation needs to support multi-party scenarios, the implementation needs to support multiple simultaneous T.140 data channels, one for each remote party. At the time of writing this document, this is true even in scenarios where each participant communicates via a centralized conference server. This is because, unlike RTP media, WebRTC data channels and the T.140 protocol do not support the indication of the source of T.140 data. The 'label' attribute parameter in the SDP 'dcmap' attribute (Section 4.1) can be used by the offerer to provide additional information about each T.140 data channel and help implementations to distinguish between them.¶

NOTE: Future extensions to T.140 or the T140block might permit the indication of the source of T.140 data, in which case it might be possible to use a single T.140 data channel to transport data from multiple remote sources. The usage of a single T.140 data channel, without any protocol extensions, would require the conference server to only forward real-time text from one source at any given time and, for example, include human-readable text labels in the real-time text stream that indicate the source whenever the conference server switches the source. This would allow the receiver to present real-time text from different sources separately. The procedures for such a mechanism are outside the scope of this document.¶

6. Gateway Considerations

A number of real-time text transports and protocols have been defined for both packet-switched and circuit-switched networks. Many are based on the ITU-T T.140 protocol at the application and presentation levels [T140]. At the time of writing this document, some mechanisms are no longer used, as the technologies they use have been obsoleted, while others are still in use.¶

When performing interworking between T.140 data channels and real-time text in other transports and protocols, a number of factors need to be considered. At the time of writing this document, the most common IP-based real-time text transport is the RTP-based mechanism defined in [RFC4103]. While this document does not define a complete interworking solution, the list below provides some guidance and considerations to take into account when designing a gateway for interworking between T.140 data channels and RTP-based T.140 transport:¶

For each T.140 data channel, there is an RTP stream for real-time text [RFC4103]. Redundancy is by default declared and used on the RTP stream. There is no redundancy on the T.140 data channel, but the reliable property [RFC8864] is set on it.¶
During a normal text flow, T140blocks received from one network are forwarded towards the other network. Keepalive traffic is handled by lower layers on the T.140 data channel. A gateway might have to extract keepalives from incoming RTP streams and MAY generate keepalives on outgoing RTP streams.¶
If the gateway detects or suspects loss of data on the RTP stream and the lost data has not been retrieved using a redundancy mechanism, the gateway SHOULD insert the T.140 missing text marker [T140ad1] in the data sent on the outgoing T.140 data channel.¶
If the gateway detects that the T.140 data channel has failed and got torn down, once the data channel has been reestablished the gateway SHOULD insert the T.140 missing text marker [T140ad1] in the data sent on the outgoing RTP stream if it detects or suspects that data sent by the remote T.140 data channel endpoint was lost.¶
If the gateway detects that the T.140 data channel has failed and got torn down, once the data channel has been reestablished the gateway SHOULD insert the T.140 missing text marker [T140ad1] in the data sent on the outgoing T.140 data channel if it detects or suspects that data sent or to be sent on the T.140 data channel was lost during the failure.¶
The gateway MUST indicate the same text transmission direction (Section 4.2.3) on the T.140 data channel and the RTP stream.¶

9. IANA Considerations

9.1. Subprotocol Identifier "t140"

Per this document, the subprotocol identifier "t140" has been added to the "WebSocket Subprotocol Name Registry" as follows:¶

Subprotocol Identifier:: t140¶
Subprotocol Common Name:: ITU-T T.140 Real-Time Text¶
Subprotocol Definition:: RFC 8865¶
Reference:: RFC 8865¶

9.2. SDP 'fmtp' Attribute

This document defines the usage of the SDP 'fmtp' attribute, if this attribute is included in an SDP 'dcsa' attribute associated with a T.140 real-time text session over a WebRTC data channel. The usage is defined in Section 4.2.1.¶

The usage level "dcsa (t140)" has been added to the registration of the SDP 'fmtp' attribute in the "Session Description Protocol (SDP) Parameters" registry as follows:¶

Contact name:: IESG¶
Contact email:: iesg@ietf.org¶
Attribute name:: fmtp¶
Usage level:: dcsa (t140)¶
Purpose:: Indicate format parameters for a T.140 data channel, such as maximum character transmission rates.¶
Reference:: RFC 8865¶

9.3. SDP Language Attributes

This document modifies the usage of the SDP 'hlang-send' and 'hlang-recv' attributes, if these attributes are included in SDP 'dcsa' attributes associated with a T.140 data channel. The modified usage is described in Section 4.2.2.¶

The usage level "dcsa (t140)" has been added to the registration of the SDP 'hlang-send' attribute in the "Session Description Protocol (SDP) Parameters" registry as follows:¶

Contact name:: IESG¶
Contact email:: iesg@ietf.org¶
Attribute name:: hlang-send¶
Usage level:: dcsa (t140)¶
Purpose:: Negotiate the language to be used on a T.140 data channel.¶
Reference:: RFC 8865¶

The usage level "dcsa (t140)" has been added to the registration of the SDP 'hlang-recv' attribute in the "Session Description Protocol (SDP) Parameters" registry as follows:¶

Contact name:: IESG¶
Contact email:: iesg@ietf.org¶
Attribute name:: hlang-recv¶
Usage level:: dcsa (t140)¶
Purpose:: Negotiate the language to be used on a T.140 data channel.¶
Reference:: RFC 8865¶

9.4. SDP Media Direction Attributes

This document modifies the usage of the SDP 'sendonly', 'recvonly', 'sendrecv', and 'inactive' attributes, if these attributes are included in SDP 'dcsa' attributes associated with a T.140 data channel. The modified usage is described in Section 4.2.3.¶

The usage level "dcsa (t140)" has been added to the registration of the SDP 'sendonly' attribute in the "Session Description Protocol (SDP) Parameters" registry as follows:¶

Contact name:: IESG¶
Contact email:: iesg@ietf.org¶
Attribute name:: sendonly¶
Usage level:: dcsa (t140)¶
Purpose:: Negotiate the direction in which real-time text can be sent on a T.140 data channel.¶
Reference:: RFC 8865¶

The usage level "dcsa (t140)" has been added to the registration of the SDP 'recvonly' attribute in the "Session Description Protocol (SDP) Parameters" registry as follows:¶

Contact name:: IESG¶
Contact email:: iesg@ietf.org¶
Attribute name:: recvonly¶
Usage level:: dcsa (t140)¶
Purpose:: Negotiate the direction in which real-time text can be sent on a T.140 data channel.¶
Reference:: RFC 8865¶

The usage level "dcsa (t140)" has been added to the registration of the SDP 'sendrecv' attribute in the "Session Description Protocol (SDP) Parameters" registry as follows:¶

Contact name:: IESG¶
Contact email:: iesg@ietf.org¶
Attribute name:: sendrecv¶
Usage level:: dcsa (t140)¶
Purpose:: Negotiate the direction in which real-time text can be sent on a T.140 data channel.¶
Reference:: RFC 8865¶

The usage level "dcsa (t140)" has been added to the registration of the SDP 'inactive' attribute in the "Session Description Protocol (SDP) Parameters" registry as follows:¶

Contact name:: IESG¶
Contact email:: iesg@ietf.org¶
Attribute name:: inactive¶
Usage level:: dcsa (t140)¶
Purpose:: Negotiate the direction in which real-time text can be sent on a T.140 data channel.¶
Reference:: RFC 8865¶

10. References

10.1. Normative References

[RFC2119]: Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.
[RFC3264]: Rosenberg, J. and H. Schulzrinne, "An Offer/Answer Model with Session Description Protocol (SDP)", RFC 3264, DOI 10.17487/RFC3264, June 2002, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3264>.
[RFC4103]: Hellstrom, G. and P. Jones, "RTP Payload for Text Conversation", RFC 4103, DOI 10.17487/RFC4103, June 2005, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4103>.
[RFC4566]: Handley, M., Jacobson, V., and C. Perkins, "SDP: Session Description Protocol", RFC 4566, DOI 10.17487/RFC4566, July 2006, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4566>.
[RFC4960]: Stewart, R., Ed., "Stream Control Transmission Protocol", RFC 4960, DOI 10.17487/RFC4960, September 2007, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4960>.
[RFC8174]: Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC 2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174, May 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8174>.
[RFC8373]: Gellens, R., "Negotiating Human Language in Real-Time Communications", RFC 8373, DOI 10.17487/RFC8373, May 2018, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8373>.
[RFC8826]: Rescorla, E., "Security Considerations for WebRTC", RFC 8826, DOI 10.17487/RFC8826, January 2021, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8826>.
[RFC8827]: Rescorla, E., "WebRTC Security Architecture", RFC 8827, DOI 10.17487/RFC8827, January 2021, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8827>.
[RFC8831]: Jesup, R., Loreto, S., and M. Tüxen, "WebRTC Data Channels", RFC 8831, DOI 10.17487/RFC8831, January 2021, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8831>.
[RFC8864]: Drage, K., Makaraju, M., Ejzak, R., Marcon, J., and R. Even, Ed., "Negotiation Data Channels Using the Session Description Protocol (SDP)", RFC 8864, DOI 10.17487/RFC8864, January 2021, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8864>.
[T140]: ITU-T, "Protocol for multimedia application text conversation", Recommendation ITU-T T.140, February 1998, <https://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-T.140-199802-I/en>.
[T140ad1]: ITU-T, "Recommendation ITU-T.140 Addendum 1 (02/2000), Protocol for multimedia application text conversation", February 2000, <https://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-T.140-200002-I!Add1/en>.

10.2. Informative References

[RFC3261]: Rosenberg, J., Schulzrinne, H., Camarillo, G., Johnston, A., Peterson, J., Sparks, R., Handley, M., and E. Schooler, "SIP: Session Initiation Protocol", RFC 3261, DOI 10.17487/RFC3261, June 2002, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3261>.
[RFC3550]: Schulzrinne, H., Casner, S., Frederick, R., and V. Jacobson, "RTP: A Transport Protocol for Real-Time Applications", STD 64, RFC 3550, DOI 10.17487/RFC3550, July 2003, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3550>.
[RFC8832]: Jesup, R., Loreto, S., and M. Tüxen, "WebRTC Data Channel Establishment Protocol", RFC 8832, DOI 10.17487/RFC8832, January 2021, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8832>.

RFC 8865

T.140 Real-Time Text Conversation over WebRTC Data Channels