This is a purely informative rendering of an RFC that includes verified errata. This rendering may not be used as a reference.
The following 'Verified' errata have been incorporated in this document:
EID 3444,
EID 4148
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) A. Barth
Request for Comments: 6265 U.C. Berkeley
Obsoletes: 2965 April 2011
Category: Standards Track
ISSN: 2070-1721
HTTP State Management Mechanism
Abstract
This document defines the HTTP Cookie and Set-Cookie header fields.
These header fields can be used by HTTP servers to store state
(called cookies) at HTTP user agents, letting the servers maintain a
stateful session over the mostly stateless HTTP protocol. Although
cookies have many historical infelicities that degrade their security
and privacy, the Cookie and Set-Cookie header fields are widely used
on the Internet. This document obsoletes RFC 2965.
Status of This Memo
This is an Internet Standards Track document.
This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force
(IETF). It represents the consensus of the IETF community. It has
received public review and has been approved for publication by the
Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG). Further information on
Internet Standards is available in Section 2 of RFC 5741.
Information about the current status of this document, any errata,
and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at
http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6265.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 2011 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
document authors. All rights reserved.
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
(http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
publication of this document. Please review these documents
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to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must
include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
described in the Simplified BSD License.
This document may contain material from IETF Documents or IETF
Contributions published or made publicly available before November
10, 2008. The person(s) controlling the copyright in some of this
material may not have granted the IETF Trust the right to allow
modifications of such material outside the IETF Standards Process.
Without obtaining an adequate license from the person(s) controlling
the copyright in such materials, this document may not be modified
outside the IETF Standards Process, and derivative works of it may
not be created outside the IETF Standards Process, except to format
it for publication as an RFC or to translate it into languages other
than English.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction ....................................................3
2. Conventions .....................................................4
2.1. Conformance Criteria .......................................4
2.2. Syntax Notation ............................................5
2.3. Terminology ................................................5
3. Overview ........................................................6
3.1. Examples ...................................................6
4. Server Requirements .............................................8
4.1. Set-Cookie .................................................8
4.1.1. Syntax ..............................................8
4.1.2. Semantics (Non-Normative) ..........................10
4.2. Cookie ....................................................13
4.2.1. Syntax .............................................13
4.2.2. Semantics ..........................................13
5. User Agent Requirements ........................................14
5.1. Subcomponent Algorithms ...................................14
5.1.1. Dates ..............................................14
5.1.2. Canonicalized Host Names ...........................16
5.1.3. Domain Matching ....................................16
5.1.4. Paths and Path-Match ...............................16
5.2. The Set-Cookie Header .....................................17
5.2.1. The Expires Attribute ..............................19
5.2.2. The Max-Age Attribute ..............................20
5.2.3. The Domain Attribute ...............................20
5.2.4. The Path Attribute .................................21
5.2.5. The Secure Attribute ...............................21
5.2.6. The HttpOnly Attribute .............................21
5.3. Storage Model .............................................21
5.4. The Cookie Header .........................................25
6. Implementation Considerations ..................................27
6.1. Limits ....................................................27
6.2. Application Programming Interfaces ........................27
6.3. IDNA Dependency and Migration .............................27
7. Privacy Considerations .........................................28
7.1. Third-Party Cookies .......................................28
7.2. User Controls .............................................28
7.3. Expiration Dates ..........................................29
8. Security Considerations ........................................29
8.1. Overview ..................................................29
8.2. Ambient Authority .........................................30
8.3. Clear Text ................................................30
8.4. Session Identifiers .......................................31
8.5. Weak Confidentiality ......................................32
8.6. Weak Integrity ............................................32
8.7. Reliance on DNS ...........................................33
9. IANA Considerations ............................................33
9.1. Cookie ....................................................34
9.2. Set-Cookie ................................................34
9.3. Cookie2 ...................................................34
9.4. Set-Cookie2 ...............................................34
10. References ....................................................35
10.1. Normative References .....................................35
10.2. Informative References ...................................35
Appendix A. Acknowledgements ......................................37
1. Introduction
This document defines the HTTP Cookie and Set-Cookie header fields.
Using the Set-Cookie header field, an HTTP server can pass name/value
pairs and associated metadata (called cookies) to a user agent. When
the user agent makes subsequent requests to the server, the user
agent uses the metadata and other information to determine whether to
return the name/value pairs in the Cookie header.
Although simple on their surface, cookies have a number of
complexities. For example, the server indicates a scope for each
cookie when sending it to the user agent. The scope indicates the
maximum amount of time in which the user agent should return the
cookie, the servers to which the user agent should return the cookie,
and the URI schemes for which the cookie is applicable.
For historical reasons, cookies contain a number of security and
privacy infelicities. For example, a server can indicate that a
given cookie is intended for "secure" connections, but the Secure
attribute does not provide integrity in the presence of an active
network attacker. Similarly, cookies for a given host are shared
across all the ports on that host, even though the usual "same-origin
policy" used by web browsers isolates content retrieved via different
ports.
There are two audiences for this specification: developers of cookie-
generating servers and developers of cookie-consuming user agents.
To maximize interoperability with user agents, servers SHOULD limit
themselves to the well-behaved profile defined in Section 4 when
generating cookies.
User agents MUST implement the more liberal processing rules defined
in Section 5, in order to maximize interoperability with existing
servers that do not conform to the well-behaved profile defined in
Section 4.
This document specifies the syntax and semantics of these headers as
they are actually used on the Internet. In particular, this document
does not create new syntax or semantics beyond those in use today.
The recommendations for cookie generation provided in Section 4
represent a preferred subset of current server behavior, and even the
more liberal cookie processing algorithm provided in Section 5 does
not recommend all of the syntactic and semantic variations in use
today. Where some existing software differs from the recommended
protocol in significant ways, the document contains a note explaining
the difference.
Prior to this document, there were at least three descriptions of
cookies: the so-called "Netscape cookie specification" [Netscape],
RFC 2109 [RFC2109], and RFC 2965 [RFC2965]. However, none of these
documents describe how the Cookie and Set-Cookie headers are actually
used on the Internet (see [Kri2001] for historical context). In
relation to previous IETF specifications of HTTP state management
mechanisms, this document requests the following actions:
1. Change the status of [RFC2109] to Historic (it has already been
obsoleted by [RFC2965]).
2. Change the status of [RFC2965] to Historic.
3. Indicate that [RFC2965] has been obsoleted by this document.
In particular, in moving RFC 2965 to Historic and obsoleting it, this
document deprecates the use of the Cookie2 and Set-Cookie2 header
fields.
2. Conventions
2.1. Conformance Criteria
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].
Requirements phrased in the imperative as part of algorithms (such as
"strip any leading space characters" or "return false and abort these
steps") are to be interpreted with the meaning of the key word
("MUST", "SHOULD", "MAY", etc.) used in introducing the algorithm.
Conformance requirements phrased as algorithms or specific steps can
be implemented in any manner, so long as the end result is
equivalent. In particular, the algorithms defined in this
specification are intended to be easy to understand and are not
intended to be performant.
2.2. Syntax Notation
This specification uses the Augmented Backus-Naur Form (ABNF)
notation of [RFC5234].
The following core rules are included by reference, as defined in
[RFC5234], Appendix B.1: ALPHA (letters), CR (carriage return), CRLF
(CR LF), CTLs (controls), DIGIT (decimal 0-9), DQUOTE (double quote),
HEXDIG (hexadecimal 0-9/A-F/a-f), LF (line feed), NUL (null octet),
OCTET (any 8-bit sequence of data except NUL), SP (space), HTAB
(horizontal tab), CHAR (any [USASCII] character), VCHAR (any visible
[USASCII] character), and WSP (whitespace).
The OWS (optional whitespace) rule is used where zero or more linear
whitespace characters MAY appear:
OWS = *( [ obs-fold ] WSP )
; "optional" whitespace
obs-fold = CRLF
OWS SHOULD either not be produced or be produced as a single SP
character.
2.3. Terminology
The terms user agent, client, server, proxy, and origin server have
the same meaning as in the HTTP/1.1 specification ([RFC2616], Section
1.3).
The request-host is the name of the host, as known by the user agent,
to which the user agent is sending an HTTP request or from which it
is receiving an HTTP response (i.e., the name of the host to which it
sent the corresponding HTTP request).
The term request-uri is defined in Section 5.1.2 of [RFC2616].
Two sequences of octets are said to case-insensitively match each
other if and only if they are equivalent under the i;ascii-casemap
collation defined in [RFC4790].
The term string means a sequence of non-NUL octets.
3. Overview
This section outlines a way for an origin server to send state
information to a user agent and for the user agent to return the
state information to the origin server.
To store state, the origin server includes a Set-Cookie header in an
HTTP response. In subsequent requests, the user agent returns a
Cookie request header to the origin server. The Cookie header
contains cookies the user agent received in previous Set-Cookie
headers. The origin server is free to ignore the Cookie header or
use its contents for an application-defined purpose.
Origin servers MAY send a Set-Cookie response header with any
response. User agents MAY ignore Set-Cookie headers contained in
responses with 100-level status codes but MUST process Set-Cookie
headers contained in other responses (including responses with 400-
and 500-level status codes). An origin server can include multiple
Set-Cookie header fields in a single response. The presence of a
Cookie or a Set-Cookie header field does not preclude HTTP caches
from storing and reusing a response.
Origin servers SHOULD NOT fold multiple Set-Cookie header fields into
a single header field. The usual mechanism for folding HTTP headers
fields (i.e., as defined in [RFC2616]) might change the semantics of
the Set-Cookie header field because the %x2C (",") character is used
by Set-Cookie in a way that conflicts with such folding.
3.1. Examples
Using the Set-Cookie header, a server can send the user agent a short
string in an HTTP response that the user agent will return in future
HTTP requests that are within the scope of the cookie. For example,
the server can send the user agent a "session identifier" named SID
with the value 31d4d96e407aad42. The user agent then returns the
session identifier in subsequent requests.
== Server -> User Agent ==
Set-Cookie: SID=31d4d96e407aad42
== User Agent -> Server ==
Cookie: SID=31d4d96e407aad42
The server can alter the default scope of the cookie using the Path
and Domain attributes. For example, the server can instruct the user
agent to return the cookie to every path and every subdomain of
example.com.
== Server -> User Agent ==
Set-Cookie: SID=31d4d96e407aad42; Path=/; Domain=example.com
== User Agent -> Server ==
Cookie: SID=31d4d96e407aad42
As shown in the next example, the server can store multiple cookies
at the user agent. For example, the server can store a session
identifier as well as the user's preferred language by returning two
Set-Cookie header fields. Notice that the server uses the Secure and
HttpOnly attributes to provide additional security protections for
the more sensitive session identifier (see Section 4.1.2.)
== Server -> User Agent ==
Set-Cookie: SID=31d4d96e407aad42; Path=/; Secure; HttpOnly
Set-Cookie: lang=en-US; Path=/; Domain=example.com
== User Agent -> Server ==
Cookie: SID=31d4d96e407aad42; lang=en-US
Notice that the Cookie header above contains two cookies, one named
SID and one named lang. If the server wishes the user agent to
persist the cookie over multiple "sessions" (e.g., user agent
restarts), the server can specify an expiration date in the Expires
attribute. Note that the user agent might delete the cookie before
the expiration date if the user agent's cookie store exceeds its
quota or if the user manually deletes the server's cookie.
== Server -> User Agent ==
Set-Cookie: lang=en-US; Expires=Wed, 09 Jun 2021 10:18:14 GMT
== User Agent -> Server ==
Cookie: SID=31d4d96e407aad42; lang=en-US
Finally, to remove a cookie, the server returns a Set-Cookie header
with an expiration date in the past. The server will be successful
in removing the cookie only if the Path and the Domain attribute in
the Set-Cookie header match the values used when the cookie was
created.
== Server -> User Agent ==
Set-Cookie: lang=; Expires=Sun, 06 Nov 1994 08:49:37 GMT
== User Agent -> Server ==
Cookie: SID=31d4d96e407aad42
4. Server Requirements
This section describes the syntax and semantics of a well-behaved
profile of the Cookie and Set-Cookie headers.
4.1. Set-Cookie
The Set-Cookie HTTP response header is used to send cookies from the
server to the user agent.
4.1.1. Syntax
EID 3444 (Verified) is as follows:
Section: 4.1.1
Original Text:
path-value = <any CHAR except CTLs or ";">
extension-av = <any CHAR except CTLs or ";">
Corrected Text:
path-value = * <any CHAR except CTLs or ";">
extension-av = * <any CHAR except CTLs or ";">
Notes:
A better correction could also be:
path-value = *av-octet
extension-av = *av-octet
av-octet = %x20-3A / %x3C-7E
; any CHAR except CTLs or ";"
Informally, the Set-Cookie response header contains the header name
"Set-Cookie" followed by a ":" and a cookie. Each cookie begins with
a name-value-pair, followed by zero or more attribute-value pairs.
Servers SHOULD NOT send Set-Cookie headers that fail to conform to
the following grammar:
set-cookie-header = "Set-Cookie:" SP set-cookie-string
set-cookie-string = cookie-pair *( ";" SP cookie-av )
cookie-pair = cookie-name "=" cookie-value
cookie-name = token
cookie-value = *cookie-octet / ( DQUOTE *cookie-octet DQUOTE )
cookie-octet = %x21 / %x23-2B / %x2D-3A / %x3C-5B / %x5D-7E
; US-ASCII characters excluding CTLs,
; whitespace DQUOTE, comma, semicolon,
; and backslash
token = <token, defined in [RFC2616], Section 2.2>
cookie-av = expires-av / max-age-av / domain-av /
path-av / secure-av / httponly-av /
extension-av
expires-av = "Expires=" sane-cookie-date
sane-cookie-date = <rfc1123-date, defined in [RFC2616], Section 3.3.1>
max-age-av = "Max-Age=" non-zero-digit *DIGIT
; In practice, both expires-av and max-age-av
; are limited to dates representable by the
; user agent.
non-zero-digit = %x31-39
; digits 1 through 9
domain-av = "Domain=" domain-value
domain-value = <subdomain>
; defined in [RFC1034], Section 3.5, as
; enhanced by [RFC1123], Section 2.1
path-av = "Path=" path-value
path-value = <any CHAR except CTLs or ";">
secure-av = "Secure"
httponly-av = "HttpOnly"
extension-av = <any CHAR except CTLs or ";">
Note that some of the grammatical terms above reference documents
that use different grammatical notations than this document (which
uses ABNF from [RFC5234]).
The semantics of the cookie-value are not defined by this document.
To maximize compatibility with user agents, servers that wish to
store arbitrary data in a cookie-value SHOULD encode that data, for
example, using Base64 [RFC4648].
The portions of the set-cookie-string produced by the cookie-av term
are known as attributes. To maximize compatibility with user agents,
servers SHOULD NOT produce two attributes with the same name in the
same set-cookie-string. (See Section 5.3 for how user agents handle
this case.)
Servers SHOULD NOT include more than one Set-Cookie header field in
the same response with the same cookie-name. (See Section 5.2 for
how user agents handle this case.)
If a server sends multiple responses containing Set-Cookie headers
concurrently to the user agent (e.g., when communicating with the
user agent over multiple sockets), these responses create a "race
condition" that can lead to unpredictable behavior.
NOTE: Some existing user agents differ in their interpretation of
two-digit years. To avoid compatibility issues, servers SHOULD use
the rfc1123-date format, which requires a four-digit year.
NOTE: Some user agents store and process dates in cookies as 32-bit
UNIX time_t values. Implementation bugs in the libraries supporting
time_t processing on some systems might cause such user agents to
process dates after the year 2038 incorrectly.
4.1.2. Semantics (Non-Normative)
This section describes simplified semantics of the Set-Cookie header.
These semantics are detailed enough to be useful for understanding
the most common uses of cookies by servers. The full semantics are
described in Section 5.
When the user agent receives a Set-Cookie header, the user agent
stores the cookie together with its attributes. Subsequently, when
the user agent makes an HTTP request, the user agent includes the
applicable, non-expired cookies in the Cookie header.
If the user agent receives a new cookie with the same cookie-name,
domain-value, and path-value as a cookie that it has already stored,
the existing cookie is evicted and replaced with the new cookie.
Notice that servers can delete cookies by sending the user agent a
new cookie with an Expires attribute with a value in the past.
Unless the cookie's attributes indicate otherwise, the cookie is
returned only to the origin server (and not, for example, to any
subdomains), and it expires at the end of the current session (as
defined by the user agent). User agents ignore unrecognized cookie
attributes (but not the entire cookie).
4.1.2.1. The Expires Attribute
The Expires attribute indicates the maximum lifetime of the cookie,
represented as the date and time at which the cookie expires. The
user agent is not required to retain the cookie until the specified
date has passed. In fact, user agents often evict cookies due to
memory pressure or privacy concerns.
4.1.2.2. The Max-Age Attribute
The Max-Age attribute indicates the maximum lifetime of the cookie,
represented as the number of seconds until the cookie expires. The
user agent is not required to retain the cookie for the specified
duration. In fact, user agents often evict cookies due to memory
pressure or privacy concerns.
NOTE: Some existing user agents do not support the Max-Age
attribute. User agents that do not support the Max-Age attribute
ignore the attribute.
If a cookie has both the Max-Age and the Expires attribute, the Max-
Age attribute has precedence and controls the expiration date of the
cookie. If a cookie has neither the Max-Age nor the Expires
attribute, the user agent will retain the cookie until "the current
session is over" (as defined by the user agent).
4.1.2.3. The Domain Attribute
The Domain attribute specifies those hosts to which the cookie will
be sent. For example, if the value of the Domain attribute is
"example.com", the user agent will include the cookie in the Cookie
header when making HTTP requests to example.com, www.example.com, and
www.corp.example.com. (Note that a leading %x2E ("."), if present,
is ignored even though that character is not permitted, but a
trailing %x2E ("."), if present, will cause the user agent to ignore
the attribute.) If the server omits the Domain attribute, the user
agent will return the cookie only to the origin server.
WARNING: Some existing user agents treat an absent Domain
attribute as if the Domain attribute were present and contained
the current host name. For example, if example.com returns a Set-
Cookie header without a Domain attribute, these user agents will
erroneously send the cookie to www.example.com as well.
The user agent will reject cookies unless the Domain attribute
specifies a scope for the cookie that would include the origin
server. For example, the user agent will accept a cookie with a
Domain attribute of "example.com" or of "foo.example.com" from
foo.example.com, but the user agent will not accept a cookie with a
Domain attribute of "bar.example.com" or of "baz.foo.example.com".
NOTE: For security reasons, many user agents are configured to reject
Domain attributes that correspond to "public suffixes". For example,
some user agents will reject Domain attributes of "com" or "co.uk".
(See Section 5.3 for more information.)
4.1.2.4. The Path Attribute
The scope of each cookie is limited to a set of paths, controlled by
the Path attribute. If the server omits the Path attribute, the user
agent will use the "directory" of the request-uri's path component as
the default value. (See Section 5.1.4 for more details.)
The user agent will include the cookie in an HTTP request only if the
path portion of the request-uri matches (or is a subdirectory of) the
cookie's Path attribute, where the %x2F ("/") character is
interpreted as a directory separator.
Although seemingly useful for isolating cookies between different
paths within a given host, the Path attribute cannot be relied upon
for security (see Section 8).
4.1.2.5. The Secure Attribute
The Secure attribute limits the scope of the cookie to "secure"
channels (where "secure" is defined by the user agent). When a
cookie has the Secure attribute, the user agent will include the
cookie in an HTTP request only if the request is transmitted over a
secure channel (typically HTTP over Transport Layer Security (TLS)
[RFC2818]).
Although seemingly useful for protecting cookies from active network
attackers, the Secure attribute protects only the cookie's
confidentiality. An active network attacker can overwrite Secure
cookies from an insecure channel, disrupting their integrity (see
Section 8.6 for more details).
4.1.2.6. The HttpOnly Attribute
The HttpOnly attribute limits the scope of the cookie to HTTP
requests. In particular, the attribute instructs the user agent to
omit the cookie when providing access to cookies via "non-HTTP" APIs
(such as a web browser API that exposes cookies to scripts).
Note that the HttpOnly attribute is independent of the Secure
attribute: a cookie can have both the HttpOnly and the Secure
attribute.
4.2. Cookie
4.2.1. Syntax
The user agent sends stored cookies to the origin server in the
Cookie header. If the server conforms to the requirements in
Section 4.1 (and the user agent conforms to the requirements in
Section 5), the user agent will send a Cookie header that conforms to
the following grammar:
cookie-header = "Cookie:" OWS cookie-string OWS
cookie-string = cookie-pair *( ";" SP cookie-pair )
4.2.2. Semantics
Each cookie-pair represents a cookie stored by the user agent. The
cookie-pair contains the cookie-name and cookie-value the user agent
received in the Set-Cookie header.
Notice that the cookie attributes are not returned. In particular,
the server cannot determine from the Cookie header alone when a
cookie will expire, for which hosts the cookie is valid, for which
paths the cookie is valid, or whether the cookie was set with the
Secure or HttpOnly attributes.
The semantics of individual cookies in the Cookie header are not
defined by this document. Servers are expected to imbue these
cookies with application-specific semantics.
Although cookies are serialized linearly in the Cookie header,
servers SHOULD NOT rely upon the serialization order. In particular,
if the Cookie header contains two cookies with the same name (e.g.,
that were set with different Path or Domain attributes), servers
SHOULD NOT rely upon the order in which these cookies appear in the
header.
5. User Agent Requirements
This section specifies the Cookie and Set-Cookie headers in
sufficient detail that a user agent implementing these requirements
precisely can interoperate with existing servers (even those that do
not conform to the well-behaved profile described in Section 4).
A user agent could enforce more restrictions than those specified
herein (e.g., for the sake of improved security); however,
experiments have shown that such strictness reduces the likelihood
that a user agent will be able to interoperate with existing servers.
5.1. Subcomponent Algorithms
This section defines some algorithms used by user agents to process
specific subcomponents of the Cookie and Set-Cookie headers.
5.1.1. Dates
EID 4148 (Verified) is as follows:
Section: 5.1.1
Original Text:
day-of-month = 1*2DIGIT ( non-digit *OCTET )
...
year = 2*4DIGIT ( non-digit *OCTET )
time = hms-time ( non-digit *OCTET )
Corrected Text:
day-of-month = 1*2DIGIT [ non-digit *OCTET ]
...
year = 2*4DIGIT [ non-digit *OCTET ]
time = hms-time [ non-digit *OCTET ]
Notes:
The trailing extra chars for these fields should be *optional*, not *required*.
The user agent MUST use an algorithm equivalent to the following
algorithm to parse a cookie-date. Note that the various boolean
flags defined as a part of the algorithm (i.e., found-time, found-
day-of-month, found-month, found-year) are initially "not set".
1. Using the grammar below, divide the cookie-date into date-tokens.
cookie-date = *delimiter date-token-list *delimiter
date-token-list = date-token *( 1*delimiter date-token )
date-token = 1*non-delimiter
delimiter = %x09 / %x20-2F / %x3B-40 / %x5B-60 / %x7B-7E
non-delimiter = %x00-08 / %x0A-1F / DIGIT / ":" / ALPHA / %x7F-FF
non-digit = %x00-2F / %x3A-FF
day-of-month = 1*2DIGIT ( non-digit *OCTET )
month = ( "jan" / "feb" / "mar" / "apr" /
"may" / "jun" / "jul" / "aug" /
"sep" / "oct" / "nov" / "dec" ) *OCTET
year = 2*4DIGIT ( non-digit *OCTET )
time = hms-time ( non-digit *OCTET )
hms-time = time-field ":" time-field ":" time-field
time-field = 1*2DIGIT
2. Process each date-token sequentially in the order the date-tokens
appear in the cookie-date:
1. If the found-time flag is not set and the token matches the
time production, set the found-time flag and set the hour-
value, minute-value, and second-value to the numbers denoted
by the digits in the date-token, respectively. Skip the
remaining sub-steps and continue to the next date-token.
2. If the found-day-of-month flag is not set and the date-token
matches the day-of-month production, set the found-day-of-
month flag and set the day-of-month-value to the number
denoted by the date-token. Skip the remaining sub-steps and
continue to the next date-token.
3. If the found-month flag is not set and the date-token matches
the month production, set the found-month flag and set the
month-value to the month denoted by the date-token. Skip the
remaining sub-steps and continue to the next date-token.
4. If the found-year flag is not set and the date-token matches
the year production, set the found-year flag and set the
year-value to the number denoted by the date-token. Skip the
remaining sub-steps and continue to the next date-token.
3. If the year-value is greater than or equal to 70 and less than or
equal to 99, increment the year-value by 1900.
4. If the year-value is greater than or equal to 0 and less than or
equal to 69, increment the year-value by 2000.
1. NOTE: Some existing user agents interpret two-digit years
differently.
5. Abort these steps and fail to parse the cookie-date if:
* at least one of the found-day-of-month, found-month, found-
year, or found-time flags is not set,
* the day-of-month-value is less than 1 or greater than 31,
* the year-value is less than 1601,
* the hour-value is greater than 23,
* the minute-value is greater than 59, or
* the second-value is greater than 59.
(Note that leap seconds cannot be represented in this syntax.)
6. Let the parsed-cookie-date be the date whose day-of-month, month,
year, hour, minute, and second (in UTC) are the day-of-month-
value, the month-value, the year-value, the hour-value, the
minute-value, and the second-value, respectively. If no such
date exists, abort these steps and fail to parse the cookie-date.
7. Return the parsed-cookie-date as the result of this algorithm.
5.1.2. Canonicalized Host Names
A canonicalized host name is the string generated by the following
algorithm:
1. Convert the host name to a sequence of individual domain name
labels.
2. Convert each label that is not a Non-Reserved LDH (NR-LDH) label,
to an A-label (see Section 2.3.2.1 of [RFC5890] for the former
and latter), or to a "punycode label" (a label resulting from the
"ToASCII" conversion in Section 4 of [RFC3490]), as appropriate
(see Section 6.3 of this specification).
3. Concatenate the resulting labels, separated by a %x2E (".")
character.
5.1.3. Domain Matching
A string domain-matches a given domain string if at least one of the
following conditions hold:
o The domain string and the string are identical. (Note that both
the domain string and the string will have been canonicalized to
lower case at this point.)
o All of the following conditions hold:
* The domain string is a suffix of the string.
* The last character of the string that is not included in the
domain string is a %x2E (".") character.
* The string is a host name (i.e., not an IP address).
5.1.4. Paths and Path-Match
The user agent MUST use an algorithm equivalent to the following
algorithm to compute the default-path of a cookie:
1. Let uri-path be the path portion of the request-uri if such a
portion exists (and empty otherwise). For example, if the
request-uri contains just a path (and optional query string),
then the uri-path is that path (without the %x3F ("?") character
or query string), and if the request-uri contains a full
absoluteURI, the uri-path is the path component of that URI.
2. If the uri-path is empty or if the first character of the uri-
path is not a %x2F ("/") character, output %x2F ("/") and skip
the remaining steps.
3. If the uri-path contains no more than one %x2F ("/") character,
output %x2F ("/") and skip the remaining step.
4. Output the characters of the uri-path from the first character up
to, but not including, the right-most %x2F ("/").
A request-path path-matches a given cookie-path if at least one of
the following conditions holds:
o The cookie-path and the request-path are identical.
o The cookie-path is a prefix of the request-path, and the last
character of the cookie-path is %x2F ("/").
o The cookie-path is a prefix of the request-path, and the first
character of the request-path that is not included in the cookie-
path is a %x2F ("/") character.
5.2. The Set-Cookie Header
When a user agent receives a Set-Cookie header field in an HTTP
response, the user agent MAY ignore the Set-Cookie header field in
its entirety. For example, the user agent might wish to block
responses to "third-party" requests from setting cookies (see
Section 7.1).
If the user agent does not ignore the Set-Cookie header field in its
entirety, the user agent MUST parse the field-value of the Set-Cookie
header field as a set-cookie-string (defined below).
NOTE: The algorithm below is more permissive than the grammar in
Section 4.1. For example, the algorithm strips leading and trailing
whitespace from the cookie name and value (but maintains internal
whitespace), whereas the grammar in Section 4.1 forbids whitespace in
these positions. User agents use this algorithm so as to
interoperate with servers that do not follow the recommendations in
Section 4.
A user agent MUST use an algorithm equivalent to the following
algorithm to parse a "set-cookie-string":
1. If the set-cookie-string contains a %x3B (";") character:
The name-value-pair string consists of the characters up to,
but not including, the first %x3B (";"), and the unparsed-
attributes consist of the remainder of the set-cookie-string
(including the %x3B (";") in question).
Otherwise:
The name-value-pair string consists of all the characters
contained in the set-cookie-string, and the unparsed-
attributes is the empty string.
2. If the name-value-pair string lacks a %x3D ("=") character,
ignore the set-cookie-string entirely.
3. The (possibly empty) name string consists of the characters up
to, but not including, the first %x3D ("=") character, and the
(possibly empty) value string consists of the characters after
the first %x3D ("=") character.
4. Remove any leading or trailing WSP characters from the name
string and the value string.
5. If the name string is empty, ignore the set-cookie-string
entirely.
6. The cookie-name is the name string, and the cookie-value is the
value string.
The user agent MUST use an algorithm equivalent to the following
algorithm to parse the unparsed-attributes:
1. If the unparsed-attributes string is empty, skip the rest of
these steps.
2. Discard the first character of the unparsed-attributes (which
will be a %x3B (";") character).
3. If the remaining unparsed-attributes contains a %x3B (";")
character:
Consume the characters of the unparsed-attributes up to, but
not including, the first %x3B (";") character.
Otherwise:
Consume the remainder of the unparsed-attributes.
Let the cookie-av string be the characters consumed in this step.
4. If the cookie-av string contains a %x3D ("=") character:
The (possibly empty) attribute-name string consists of the
characters up to, but not including, the first %x3D ("=")
character, and the (possibly empty) attribute-value string
consists of the characters after the first %x3D ("=")
character.
Otherwise:
The attribute-name string consists of the entire cookie-av
string, and the attribute-value string is empty.
5. Remove any leading or trailing WSP characters from the attribute-
name string and the attribute-value string.
6. Process the attribute-name and attribute-value according to the
requirements in the following subsections. (Notice that
attributes with unrecognized attribute-names are ignored.)
7. Return to Step 1 of this algorithm.
When the user agent finishes parsing the set-cookie-string, the user
agent is said to "receive a cookie" from the request-uri with name
cookie-name, value cookie-value, and attributes cookie-attribute-
list. (See Section 5.3 for additional requirements triggered by
receiving a cookie.)
5.2.1. The Expires Attribute
If the attribute-name case-insensitively matches the string
"Expires", the user agent MUST process the cookie-av as follows.
Let the expiry-time be the result of parsing the attribute-value as
cookie-date (see Section 5.1.1).
If the attribute-value failed to parse as a cookie date, ignore the
cookie-av.
If the expiry-time is later than the last date the user agent can
represent, the user agent MAY replace the expiry-time with the last
representable date.
If the expiry-time is earlier than the earliest date the user agent
can represent, the user agent MAY replace the expiry-time with the
earliest representable date.
Append an attribute to the cookie-attribute-list with an attribute-
name of Expires and an attribute-value of expiry-time.
5.2.2. The Max-Age Attribute
If the attribute-name case-insensitively matches the string "Max-
Age", the user agent MUST process the cookie-av as follows.
If the first character of the attribute-value is not a DIGIT or a "-"
character, ignore the cookie-av.
If the remainder of attribute-value contains a non-DIGIT character,
ignore the cookie-av.
Let delta-seconds be the attribute-value converted to an integer.
If delta-seconds is less than or equal to zero (0), let expiry-time
be the earliest representable date and time. Otherwise, let the
expiry-time be the current date and time plus delta-seconds seconds.
Append an attribute to the cookie-attribute-list with an attribute-
name of Max-Age and an attribute-value of expiry-time.
5.2.3. The Domain Attribute
If the attribute-name case-insensitively matches the string "Domain",
the user agent MUST process the cookie-av as follows.
If the attribute-value is empty, the behavior is undefined. However,
the user agent SHOULD ignore the cookie-av entirely.
If the first character of the attribute-value string is %x2E ("."):
Let cookie-domain be the attribute-value without the leading %x2E
(".") character.
Otherwise:
Let cookie-domain be the entire attribute-value.
Convert the cookie-domain to lower case.
Append an attribute to the cookie-attribute-list with an attribute-
name of Domain and an attribute-value of cookie-domain.
5.2.4. The Path Attribute
If the attribute-name case-insensitively matches the string "Path",
the user agent MUST process the cookie-av as follows.
If the attribute-value is empty or if the first character of the
attribute-value is not %x2F ("/"):
Let cookie-path be the default-path.
Otherwise:
Let cookie-path be the attribute-value.
Append an attribute to the cookie-attribute-list with an attribute-
name of Path and an attribute-value of cookie-path.
5.2.5. The Secure Attribute
If the attribute-name case-insensitively matches the string "Secure",
the user agent MUST append an attribute to the cookie-attribute-list
with an attribute-name of Secure and an empty attribute-value.
5.2.6. The HttpOnly Attribute
If the attribute-name case-insensitively matches the string
"HttpOnly", the user agent MUST append an attribute to the cookie-
attribute-list with an attribute-name of HttpOnly and an empty
attribute-value.
5.3. Storage Model
The user agent stores the following fields about each cookie: name,
value, expiry-time, domain, path, creation-time, last-access-time,
persistent-flag, host-only-flag, secure-only-flag, and http-only-
flag.
When the user agent "receives a cookie" from a request-uri with name
cookie-name, value cookie-value, and attributes cookie-attribute-
list, the user agent MUST process the cookie as follows:
1. A user agent MAY ignore a received cookie in its entirety. For
example, the user agent might wish to block receiving cookies
from "third-party" responses or the user agent might not wish to
store cookies that exceed some size.
2. Create a new cookie with name cookie-name, value cookie-value.
Set the creation-time and the last-access-time to the current
date and time.
3. If the cookie-attribute-list contains an attribute with an
attribute-name of "Max-Age":
Set the cookie's persistent-flag to true.
Set the cookie's expiry-time to attribute-value of the last
attribute in the cookie-attribute-list with an attribute-name
of "Max-Age".
Otherwise, if the cookie-attribute-list contains an attribute
with an attribute-name of "Expires" (and does not contain an
attribute with an attribute-name of "Max-Age"):
Set the cookie's persistent-flag to true.
Set the cookie's expiry-time to attribute-value of the last
attribute in the cookie-attribute-list with an attribute-name
of "Expires".
Otherwise:
Set the cookie's persistent-flag to false.
Set the cookie's expiry-time to the latest representable
date.
4. If the cookie-attribute-list contains an attribute with an
attribute-name of "Domain":
Let the domain-attribute be the attribute-value of the last
attribute in the cookie-attribute-list with an attribute-name
of "Domain".
Otherwise:
Let the domain-attribute be the empty string.
5. If the user agent is configured to reject "public suffixes" and
the domain-attribute is a public suffix:
If the domain-attribute is identical to the canonicalized
request-host:
Let the domain-attribute be the empty string.
Otherwise:
Ignore the cookie entirely and abort these steps.
NOTE: A "public suffix" is a domain that is controlled by a
public registry, such as "com", "co.uk", and "pvt.k12.wy.us".
This step is essential for preventing attacker.com from
disrupting the integrity of example.com by setting a cookie
with a Domain attribute of "com". Unfortunately, the set of
public suffixes (also known as "registry controlled domains")
changes over time. If feasible, user agents SHOULD use an
up-to-date public suffix list, such as the one maintained by
the Mozilla project at <http://publicsuffix.org/>.
6. If the domain-attribute is non-empty:
If the canonicalized request-host does not domain-match the
domain-attribute:
Ignore the cookie entirely and abort these steps.
Otherwise:
Set the cookie's host-only-flag to false.
Set the cookie's domain to the domain-attribute.
Otherwise:
Set the cookie's host-only-flag to true.
Set the cookie's domain to the canonicalized request-host.
7. If the cookie-attribute-list contains an attribute with an
attribute-name of "Path", set the cookie's path to attribute-
value of the last attribute in the cookie-attribute-list with an
attribute-name of "Path". Otherwise, set the cookie's path to
the default-path of the request-uri.
8. If the cookie-attribute-list contains an attribute with an
attribute-name of "Secure", set the cookie's secure-only-flag to
true. Otherwise, set the cookie's secure-only-flag to false.
9. If the cookie-attribute-list contains an attribute with an
attribute-name of "HttpOnly", set the cookie's http-only-flag to
true. Otherwise, set the cookie's http-only-flag to false.
10. If the cookie was received from a "non-HTTP" API and the
cookie's http-only-flag is set, abort these steps and ignore the
cookie entirely.
11. If the cookie store contains a cookie with the same name,
domain, and path as the newly created cookie:
1. Let old-cookie be the existing cookie with the same name,
domain, and path as the newly created cookie. (Notice that
this algorithm maintains the invariant that there is at most
one such cookie.)
2. If the newly created cookie was received from a "non-HTTP"
API and the old-cookie's http-only-flag is set, abort these
steps and ignore the newly created cookie entirely.
3. Update the creation-time of the newly created cookie to
match the creation-time of the old-cookie.
4. Remove the old-cookie from the cookie store.
12. Insert the newly created cookie into the cookie store.
A cookie is "expired" if the cookie has an expiry date in the past.
The user agent MUST evict all expired cookies from the cookie store
if, at any time, an expired cookie exists in the cookie store.
At any time, the user agent MAY "remove excess cookies" from the
cookie store if the number of cookies sharing a domain field exceeds
some implementation-defined upper bound (such as 50 cookies).
At any time, the user agent MAY "remove excess cookies" from the
cookie store if the cookie store exceeds some predetermined upper
bound (such as 3000 cookies).
When the user agent removes excess cookies from the cookie store, the
user agent MUST evict cookies in the following priority order:
1. Expired cookies.
2. Cookies that share a domain field with more than a predetermined
number of other cookies.
3. All cookies.
If two cookies have the same removal priority, the user agent MUST
evict the cookie with the earliest last-access date first.
When "the current session is over" (as defined by the user agent),
the user agent MUST remove from the cookie store all cookies with the
persistent-flag set to false.
5.4. The Cookie Header
The user agent includes stored cookies in the Cookie HTTP request
header.
When the user agent generates an HTTP request, the user agent MUST
NOT attach more than one Cookie header field.
A user agent MAY omit the Cookie header in its entirety. For
example, the user agent might wish to block sending cookies during
"third-party" requests from setting cookies (see Section 7.1).
If the user agent does attach a Cookie header field to an HTTP
request, the user agent MUST send the cookie-string (defined below)
as the value of the header field.
The user agent MUST use an algorithm equivalent to the following
algorithm to compute the "cookie-string" from a cookie store and a
request-uri:
1. Let cookie-list be the set of cookies from the cookie store that
meets all of the following requirements:
* Either:
The cookie's host-only-flag is true and the canonicalized
request-host is identical to the cookie's domain.
Or:
The cookie's host-only-flag is false and the canonicalized
request-host domain-matches the cookie's domain.
* The request-uri's path path-matches the cookie's path.
* If the cookie's secure-only-flag is true, then the request-
uri's scheme must denote a "secure" protocol (as defined by
the user agent).
NOTE: The notion of a "secure" protocol is not defined by
this document. Typically, user agents consider a protocol
secure if the protocol makes use of transport-layer
security, such as SSL or TLS. For example, most user
agents consider "https" to be a scheme that denotes a
secure protocol.
* If the cookie's http-only-flag is true, then exclude the
cookie if the cookie-string is being generated for a "non-
HTTP" API (as defined by the user agent).
2. The user agent SHOULD sort the cookie-list in the following
order:
* Cookies with longer paths are listed before cookies with
shorter paths.
* Among cookies that have equal-length path fields, cookies with
earlier creation-times are listed before cookies with later
creation-times.
NOTE: Not all user agents sort the cookie-list in this order, but
this order reflects common practice when this document was
written, and, historically, there have been servers that
(erroneously) depended on this order.
3. Update the last-access-time of each cookie in the cookie-list to
the current date and time.
4. Serialize the cookie-list into a cookie-string by processing each
cookie in the cookie-list in order:
1. Output the cookie's name, the %x3D ("=") character, and the
cookie's value.
2. If there is an unprocessed cookie in the cookie-list, output
the characters %x3B and %x20 ("; ").
NOTE: Despite its name, the cookie-string is actually a sequence of
octets, not a sequence of characters. To convert the cookie-string
(or components thereof) into a sequence of characters (e.g., for
presentation to the user), the user agent might wish to try using the
UTF-8 character encoding [RFC3629] to decode the octet sequence.
This decoding might fail, however, because not every sequence of
octets is valid UTF-8.
6. Implementation Considerations
6.1. Limits
Practical user agent implementations have limits on the number and
size of cookies that they can store. General-use user agents SHOULD
provide each of the following minimum capabilities:
o At least 4096 bytes per cookie (as measured by the sum of the
length of the cookie's name, value, and attributes).
o At least 50 cookies per domain.
o At least 3000 cookies total.
Servers SHOULD use as few and as small cookies as possible to avoid
reaching these implementation limits and to minimize network
bandwidth due to the Cookie header being included in every request.
Servers SHOULD gracefully degrade if the user agent fails to return
one or more cookies in the Cookie header because the user agent might
evict any cookie at any time on orders from the user.
6.2. Application Programming Interfaces
One reason the Cookie and Set-Cookie headers use such esoteric syntax
is that many platforms (both in servers and user agents) provide a
string-based application programming interface (API) to cookies,
requiring application-layer programmers to generate and parse the
syntax used by the Cookie and Set-Cookie headers, which many
programmers have done incorrectly, resulting in interoperability
problems.
Instead of providing string-based APIs to cookies, platforms would be
well-served by providing more semantic APIs. It is beyond the scope
of this document to recommend specific API designs, but there are
clear benefits to accepting an abstract "Date" object instead of a
serialized date string.
6.3. IDNA Dependency and Migration
IDNA2008 [RFC5890] supersedes IDNA2003 [RFC3490]. However, there are
differences between the two specifications, and thus there can be
differences in processing (e.g., converting) domain name labels that
have been registered under one from those registered under the other.
There will be a transition period of some time during which IDNA2003-
based domain name labels will exist in the wild. User agents SHOULD
implement IDNA2008 [RFC5890] and MAY implement [UTS46] or [RFC5895]
in order to facilitate their IDNA transition. If a user agent does
not implement IDNA2008, the user agent MUST implement IDNA2003
[RFC3490].
7. Privacy Considerations
Cookies are often criticized for letting servers track users. For
example, a number of "web analytics" companies use cookies to
recognize when a user returns to a web site or visits another web
site. Although cookies are not the only mechanism servers can use to
track users across HTTP requests, cookies facilitate tracking because
they are persistent across user agent sessions and can be shared
between hosts.
7.1. Third-Party Cookies
Particularly worrisome are so-called "third-party" cookies. In
rendering an HTML document, a user agent often requests resources
from other servers (such as advertising networks). These third-party
servers can use cookies to track the user even if the user never
visits the server directly. For example, if a user visits a site
that contains content from a third party and then later visits
another site that contains content from the same third party, the
third party can track the user between the two sites.
Some user agents restrict how third-party cookies behave. For
example, some of these user agents refuse to send the Cookie header
in third-party requests. Others refuse to process the Set-Cookie
header in responses to third-party requests. User agents vary widely
in their third-party cookie policies. This document grants user
agents wide latitude to experiment with third-party cookie policies
that balance the privacy and compatibility needs of their users.
However, this document does not endorse any particular third-party
cookie policy.
Third-party cookie blocking policies are often ineffective at
achieving their privacy goals if servers attempt to work around their
restrictions to track users. In particular, two collaborating
servers can often track users without using cookies at all by
injecting identifying information into dynamic URLs.
7.2. User Controls
User agents SHOULD provide users with a mechanism for managing the
cookies stored in the cookie store. For example, a user agent might
let users delete all cookies received during a specified time period
or all the cookies related to a particular domain. In addition, many
user agents include a user interface element that lets users examine
the cookies stored in their cookie store.
User agents SHOULD provide users with a mechanism for disabling
cookies. When cookies are disabled, the user agent MUST NOT include
a Cookie header in outbound HTTP requests and the user agent MUST NOT
process Set-Cookie headers in inbound HTTP responses.
Some user agents provide users the option of preventing persistent
storage of cookies across sessions. When configured thusly, user
agents MUST treat all received cookies as if the persistent-flag were
set to false. Some popular user agents expose this functionality via
"private browsing" mode [Aggarwal2010].
Some user agents provide users with the ability to approve individual
writes to the cookie store. In many common usage scenarios, these
controls generate a large number of prompts. However, some privacy-
conscious users find these controls useful nonetheless.
7.3. Expiration Dates
Although servers can set the expiration date for cookies to the
distant future, most user agents do not actually retain cookies for
multiple decades. Rather than choosing gratuitously long expiration
periods, servers SHOULD promote user privacy by selecting reasonable
cookie expiration periods based on the purpose of the cookie. For
example, a typical session identifier might reasonably be set to
expire in two weeks.
8. Security Considerations
8.1. Overview
Cookies have a number of security pitfalls. This section overviews a
few of the more salient issues.
In particular, cookies encourage developers to rely on ambient
authority for authentication, often becoming vulnerable to attacks
such as cross-site request forgery [CSRF]. Also, when storing
session identifiers in cookies, developers often create session
fixation vulnerabilities.
Transport-layer encryption, such as that employed in HTTPS, is
insufficient to prevent a network attacker from obtaining or altering
a victim's cookies because the cookie protocol itself has various
vulnerabilities (see "Weak Confidentiality" and "Weak Integrity",
below). In addition, by default, cookies do not provide
confidentiality or integrity from network attackers, even when used
in conjunction with HTTPS.
8.2. Ambient Authority
A server that uses cookies to authenticate users can suffer security
vulnerabilities because some user agents let remote parties issue
HTTP requests from the user agent (e.g., via HTTP redirects or HTML
forms). When issuing those requests, user agents attach cookies even
if the remote party does not know the contents of the cookies,
potentially letting the remote party exercise authority at an unwary
server.
Although this security concern goes by a number of names (e.g.,
cross-site request forgery, confused deputy), the issue stems from
cookies being a form of ambient authority. Cookies encourage server
operators to separate designation (in the form of URLs) from
authorization (in the form of cookies). Consequently, the user agent
might supply the authorization for a resource designated by the
attacker, possibly causing the server or its clients to undertake
actions designated by the attacker as though they were authorized by
the user.
Instead of using cookies for authorization, server operators might
wish to consider entangling designation and authorization by treating
URLs as capabilities. Instead of storing secrets in cookies, this
approach stores secrets in URLs, requiring the remote entity to
supply the secret itself. Although this approach is not a panacea,
judicious application of these principles can lead to more robust
security.
8.3. Clear Text
Unless sent over a secure channel (such as TLS), the information in
the Cookie and Set-Cookie headers is transmitted in the clear.
1. All sensitive information conveyed in these headers is exposed to
an eavesdropper.
2. A malicious intermediary could alter the headers as they travel
in either direction, with unpredictable results.
3. A malicious client could alter the Cookie header before
transmission, with unpredictable results.
Servers SHOULD encrypt and sign the contents of cookies (using
whatever format the server desires) when transmitting them to the
user agent (even when sending the cookies over a secure channel).
However, encrypting and signing cookie contents does not prevent an
attacker from transplanting a cookie from one user agent to another
or from replaying the cookie at a later time.
In addition to encrypting and signing the contents of every cookie,
servers that require a higher level of security SHOULD use the Cookie
and Set-Cookie headers only over a secure channel. When using
cookies over a secure channel, servers SHOULD set the Secure
attribute (see Section 4.1.2.5) for every cookie. If a server does
not set the Secure attribute, the protection provided by the secure
channel will be largely moot.
For example, consider a webmail server that stores a session
identifier in a cookie and is typically accessed over HTTPS. If the
server does not set the Secure attribute on its cookies, an active
network attacker can intercept any outbound HTTP request from the
user agent and redirect that request to the webmail server over HTTP.
Even if the webmail server is not listening for HTTP connections, the
user agent will still include cookies in the request. The active
network attacker can intercept these cookies, replay them against the
server, and learn the contents of the user's email. If, instead, the
server had set the Secure attribute on its cookies, the user agent
would not have included the cookies in the clear-text request.
8.4. Session Identifiers
Instead of storing session information directly in a cookie (where it
might be exposed to or replayed by an attacker), servers commonly
store a nonce (or "session identifier") in a cookie. When the server
receives an HTTP request with a nonce, the server can look up state
information associated with the cookie using the nonce as a key.
Using session identifier cookies limits the damage an attacker can
cause if the attacker learns the contents of a cookie because the
nonce is useful only for interacting with the server (unlike non-
nonce cookie content, which might itself be sensitive). Furthermore,
using a single nonce prevents an attacker from "splicing" together
cookie content from two interactions with the server, which could
cause the server to behave unexpectedly.
Using session identifiers is not without risk. For example, the
server SHOULD take care to avoid "session fixation" vulnerabilities.
A session fixation attack proceeds in three steps. First, the
attacker transplants a session identifier from his or her user agent
to the victim's user agent. Second, the victim uses that session
identifier to interact with the server, possibly imbuing the session
identifier with the user's credentials or confidential information.
Third, the attacker uses the session identifier to interact with
server directly, possibly obtaining the user's authority or
confidential information.
8.5. Weak Confidentiality
Cookies do not provide isolation by port. If a cookie is readable by
a service running on one port, the cookie is also readable by a
service running on another port of the same server. If a cookie is
writable by a service on one port, the cookie is also writable by a
service running on another port of the same server. For this reason,
servers SHOULD NOT both run mutually distrusting services on
different ports of the same host and use cookies to store security-
sensitive information.
Cookies do not provide isolation by scheme. Although most commonly
used with the http and https schemes, the cookies for a given host
might also be available to other schemes, such as ftp and gopher.
Although this lack of isolation by scheme is most apparent in non-
HTTP APIs that permit access to cookies (e.g., HTML's document.cookie
API), the lack of isolation by scheme is actually present in
requirements for processing cookies themselves (e.g., consider
retrieving a URI with the gopher scheme via HTTP).
Cookies do not always provide isolation by path. Although the
network-level protocol does not send cookies stored for one path to
another, some user agents expose cookies via non-HTTP APIs, such as
HTML's document.cookie API. Because some of these user agents (e.g.,
web browsers) do not isolate resources received from different paths,
a resource retrieved from one path might be able to access cookies
stored for another path.
8.6. Weak Integrity
Cookies do not provide integrity guarantees for sibling domains (and
their subdomains). For example, consider foo.example.com and
bar.example.com. The foo.example.com server can set a cookie with a
Domain attribute of "example.com" (possibly overwriting an existing
"example.com" cookie set by bar.example.com), and the user agent will
include that cookie in HTTP requests to bar.example.com. In the
worst case, bar.example.com will be unable to distinguish this cookie
from a cookie it set itself. The foo.example.com server might be
able to leverage this ability to mount an attack against
bar.example.com.
Even though the Set-Cookie header supports the Path attribute, the
Path attribute does not provide any integrity protection because the
user agent will accept an arbitrary Path attribute in a Set-Cookie
header. For example, an HTTP response to a request for
http://example.com/foo/bar can set a cookie with a Path attribute of
"/qux". Consequently, servers SHOULD NOT both run mutually
distrusting services on different paths of the same host and use
cookies to store security-sensitive information.
An active network attacker can also inject cookies into the Cookie
header sent to https://example.com/ by impersonating a response from
http://example.com/ and injecting a Set-Cookie header. The HTTPS
server at example.com will be unable to distinguish these cookies
from cookies that it set itself in an HTTPS response. An active
network attacker might be able to leverage this ability to mount an
attack against example.com even if example.com uses HTTPS
exclusively.
Servers can partially mitigate these attacks by encrypting and
signing the contents of their cookies. However, using cryptography
does not mitigate the issue completely because an attacker can replay
a cookie he or she received from the authentic example.com server in
the user's session, with unpredictable results.
Finally, an attacker might be able to force the user agent to delete
cookies by storing a large number of cookies. Once the user agent
reaches its storage limit, the user agent will be forced to evict
some cookies. Servers SHOULD NOT rely upon user agents retaining
cookies.
8.7. Reliance on DNS
Cookies rely upon the Domain Name System (DNS) for security. If the
DNS is partially or fully compromised, the cookie protocol might fail
to provide the security properties required by applications.
9. IANA Considerations
The permanent message header field registry (see [RFC3864]) has been
updated with the following registrations.
9.1. Cookie
Header field name: Cookie
Applicable protocol: http
Status: standard
Author/Change controller: IETF
Specification document: this specification (Section 5.4)
9.2. Set-Cookie
Header field name: Set-Cookie
Applicable protocol: http
Status: standard
Author/Change controller: IETF
Specification document: this specification (Section 5.2)
9.3. Cookie2
Header field name: Cookie2
Applicable protocol: http
Status: obsoleted
Author/Change controller: IETF
Specification document: [RFC2965]
9.4. Set-Cookie2
Header field name: Set-Cookie2
Applicable protocol: http
Status: obsoleted
Author/Change controller: IETF
Specification document: [RFC2965]
10. References
10.1. Normative References
[RFC1034] Mockapetris, P., "Domain names - concepts and facilities",
STD 13, RFC 1034, November 1987.
[RFC1123] Braden, R., "Requirements for Internet Hosts - Application
and Support", STD 3, RFC 1123, October 1989.
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
[RFC2616] Fielding, R., Gettys, J., Mogul, J., Frystyk, H.,
Masinter, L., Leach, P., and T. Berners-Lee, "Hypertext
Transfer Protocol -- HTTP/1.1", RFC 2616, June 1999.
[RFC3490] Faltstrom, P., Hoffman, P., and A. Costello,
"Internationalizing Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)",
RFC 3490, March 2003.
See Section 6.3 for an explanation why the normative
reference to an obsoleted specification is needed.
[RFC4790] Newman, C., Duerst, M., and A. Gulbrandsen, "Internet
Application Protocol Collation Registry", RFC 4790,
March 2007.
[RFC5234] Crocker, D., Ed. and P. Overell, "Augmented BNF for Syntax
Specifications: ABNF", STD 68, RFC 5234, January 2008.
[RFC5890] Klensin, J., "Internationalized Domain Names for
Applications (IDNA): Definitions and Document Framework",
RFC 5890, August 2010.
[USASCII] American National Standards Institute, "Coded Character
Set -- 7-bit American Standard Code for Information
Interchange", ANSI X3.4, 1986.
10.2. Informative References
[RFC2109] Kristol, D. and L. Montulli, "HTTP State Management
Mechanism", RFC 2109, February 1997.
[RFC2965] Kristol, D. and L. Montulli, "HTTP State Management
Mechanism", RFC 2965, October 2000.
[RFC2818] Rescorla, E., "HTTP Over TLS", RFC 2818, May 2000.
[Netscape] Netscape Communications Corp., "Persistent Client State --
HTTP Cookies", 1999, <http://web.archive.org/web/
20020803110822/http://wp.netscape.com/newsref/std/
cookie_spec.html>.
[Kri2001] Kristol, D., "HTTP Cookies: Standards, Privacy, and
Politics", ACM Transactions on Internet Technology Vol. 1,
#2, November 2001, <http://arxiv.org/abs/cs.SE/0105018>.
[RFC3629] Yergeau, F., "UTF-8, a transformation format of ISO
10646", STD 63, RFC 3629, November 2003.
[RFC4648] Josefsson, S., "The Base16, Base32, and Base64 Data
Encodings", RFC 4648, October 2006.
[RFC3864] Klyne, G., Nottingham, M., and J. Mogul, "Registration
Procedures for Message Header Fields", BCP 90, RFC 3864,
September 2004.
[RFC5895] Resnick, P. and P. Hoffman, "Mapping Characters for
Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)
2008", RFC 5895, September 2010.
[UTS46] Davis, M. and M. Suignard, "Unicode IDNA Compatibility
Processing", Unicode Technical Standards # 46, 2010,
<http://unicode.org/reports/tr46/>.
[CSRF] Barth, A., Jackson, C., and J. Mitchell, "Robust Defenses
for Cross-Site Request Forgery", 2008,
<http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1455770.1455782>.
[Aggarwal2010]
Aggarwal, G., Burzstein, E., Jackson, C., and D. Boneh,
"An Analysis of Private Browsing Modes in Modern
Browsers", 2010, <http://www.usenix.org/events/sec10/tech/
full_papers/Aggarwal.pdf>.
Appendix A. Acknowledgements
This document borrows heavily from RFC 2109 [RFC2109]. We are
indebted to David M. Kristol and Lou Montulli for their efforts to
specify cookies. David M. Kristol, in particular, provided
invaluable advice on navigating the IETF process. We would also like
to thank Thomas Broyer, Tyler Close, Alissa Cooper, Bil Corry,
corvid, Lisa Dusseault, Roy T. Fielding, Blake Frantz, Anne van
Kesteren, Eran Hammer-Lahav, Jeff Hodges, Bjoern Hoehrmann, Achim
Hoffmann, Georg Koppen, Dean McNamee, Alexey Melnikov, Mark Miller,
Mark Pauley, Yngve N. Pettersen, Julian Reschke, Peter Saint-Andre,
Mark Seaborn, Maciej Stachowiak, Daniel Stenberg, Tatsuhiro
Tsujikawa, David Wagner, Dan Winship, and Dan Witte for their
valuable feedback on this document.
Author's Address
Adam Barth
University of California, Berkeley
EMail: abarth@eecs.berkeley.edu
URI: http://www.adambarth.com/